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Basically there was no national banking system, just a bunch of other banking systems.

More specifically, there was no Lender of last resort or clearinghouse.  A Lender of last resort is someone who lends to a bank when it doesn't have enough money to pay out depositor's demands for their money back.  A clearinghouse is basically a place that clears balances between banks when they are all connected to one another.  Without one, each transaction/check has to be cleared individually with the banks involved.  So no clearinghouse means its difficult for banks to cash checks (for gold and silver).