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In organic chemistry, alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The simplest alkene is ethylene (C2H4), which is named by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is the organic compounds produced on the largest scale industrially. The physical properties of alkenes depend on the molecular mass. The simple alkenes such as ethylene, propylene and butene are gases at room temperature, linear alkenes containing five to sixteen carbon atoms are liquid, and higher alkenes are usually waxy solids.

Alkenes are non-polar compounds, in which the only intermolecular force is the dispersion force, so the alkenes are not soluble in water but soluble in carbon tetrachloride and other organic solvents. The chemical property of alkenes is relatively stable, but more active than alkanes. Considering that the carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes are stronger than the carbon-carbon single bonds in alkanes, most of the alkenes react by breaking the double bonds and forming two new single bonds.

Alkenes are known as the raw materials in petrochemical industry because they can be applied in a wide range of reactions including addition reaction, polymerization reaction and metal complexation reaction.

Applications
Addition reaction: Hydrogenation of alkenes produces the corresponding alkanes. The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 200 °C in the presence of a metal catalyst. Common industrial catalysts are platinum, nickel or palladium catalysts. In the presence of a suitable photosensitizer, the alkene can react with reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen or superoxide ion produced by the photosensitizer. A common example is the [4+2]-cyclicaddition of singlet oxygen to a diene to yield an endoperoxide.

Polymerization reaction: Polymerization of alkenes produces high-value polymers such as plastic polyethylene and polypropylene. Polymers derived from alkene monomers are generally referred to as polyolefins. A polymer from alpha-olefins is called a polyalphaolefin (PAO). Polymerization can proceed via free radical or ionic mechanisms, converting double bonds into single bonds and forming single bonds to link other monomers.

Metal complexation: Alkenes are important ligands in transition metal alkene complexes. Two carbon centers bonded to the metal are using C-C pi- and pi*-orbitals. Mono- and diolefins are often used as ligands in stable complexes. Cyclooctadiene and norbornadiene are popular chelating agents, and even ethylene is sometimes used as a ligand, for example in Zeise's salt. In addition, metal-alkene complexes are intermediates in many metal-catalyzed reactions, including hydrogenation, hydroformylation and polymerization.

The molecule looks different in each confirmation, but the carbon frame work is the same.

A hydrocarbon containing no multiple covalent bonds, with each carbon atom bonded to four other atoms.

A hydrocarbon containing at least one multiple covalent bond.

Any organic molecule containing a benzene ring.

Any atom other than carbon or hydrogen in an organic molecule.

A specific combination of atoms that behave as a unit in an organic molecule.

An organic molecule that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a saturated carbon.

An organic molecule in which a hydroxylgroup is bonded ro a benzene ring.

An organic molecule containing an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.

An organic molecule containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more saturated carbon atoms.

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, found in ketones, aldehydes, amides, carboxylic acids, and esters.

An organic molecule conraining a carbonyl
group the carbon of which is bonded to two carbon atoms.

An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group the carbon of which is bonded either to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom or to two hydrogen atoms.

An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group the carbon of which is bonded to a nitrogen atom.

An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group the carbon of which is bonded to a hydroxyl group.

An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group the carbon of which is bonded to one carbon atom and one oxygen atom bonded to another carbon atom.

A long organic molecule made of many repeating units.

The small molecular unit from which a polymer is formed.

A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units with no atoms lost as the polymer forms.

A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.

Hydroxyl Group; Alcohol.

Phenolic Group; Phenols.

Ether Group; Ethers.

Amine Group; Amines.

Ketone Group; Ketones.

Aldehyde Group; Aldehydes.

Amide Group; Amides.

Carboxyl Group; Carboxylic Acids.

Ester Group; Esters.

Answer

Its molecular formula is C6H6 . It is a ring because it contains 3 double bonds that are able to "switch" between carbons.

Polyethylene. Used in plastic bags;bottles.
Recycling Code 2 (HDPE) or 4 (LDPE).

Polypropylene (PP). Used in carpets.
Recycling code 5(PP).

Polystyrene (PS). Used in plastic utensils, insulation.
Recycling code 6(PS).

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Use in pipes, shower curtain, tubing.
Recycling code 3(V).

Polyacrylonitrile (Orlon). Used in yarn and paint.

Polymethyl methacrylate (Lucite, Plexiglass).
Used in Windows, bowling balls.

Nylon.
Used in carpeting and clothing.

polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron, Mylar).
Used in clothing and plastic bottles.

Melamine-formaldehyde resin. (Melmac, Formica)
Used in countertops and dishes.

A biomolecule that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and is produced by plants through photosynthesis.

It is four different groups attached to a carbon.

A carbohydrate in which the farthest chiral group from the top is facing right.

A carbohydrate in which the farthest chiral group from the top is facing left.