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All main topics / Psychology / General

Psych. ch. 5 (57 Cards)

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Distal stimulus
the object we're trying to see
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Proximal stimulus
the retinal image
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Analytic vs. holistic?
Analytic: looking at parts
Holistic: looking at the big picture
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Sensation
"bottom-up processing"
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Perception
"top-down processing"
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Absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus  (50% of the time)
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Signal detection theory
no absolute threshold; depends on experience, expectations, motivations, and fatigue
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Subliminal stimulation
occurs below absolute threshold (< 50% of the time)
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sensory adaptation
constant stimulation ==> diminished sensitivity to the stimulus
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transduction
how sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural impulses
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cornea
the eye's protective outer covering
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pupil
adjustable opening (the black part, or the hole)

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iris
ring of muscle tissue
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sensory adaptation
constant stimulation ==> diminished sensitivity to the stimulus
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Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil

accommodation: the lens changes shape to focus the object
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The four kinds of cells in the retina?
Rods
Cones
Blind spot
Optic nerve
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Fovea
the point of central focus
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Visual transduction
Light energy is converted into neural impulses
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Acuity
sharpness of vision
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Farsightedness
Faraway objects look clearer than close ones

Alternate name: Hyperopia
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Nearsightedness
Nearby objects are clearer than the faraway ones

Alternate name: Myopia
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Where does the image focus with nearsightedness?
Distant objects focus in front of the retina.
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Where does the image focus with farsightedness?
Nearby objects focus behind retina
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Feature detectors
respond to specific aspects of stimuli
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Parallel processing
Integration of many aspects at once


think of the thing in rpg maker; many events happen at once
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What is wavelength?
the distance between two peaks

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Relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Shorter wavelength = higher frequency
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Color vision theories:  what is the Young-Hemholtz theory?
the retina has 3 color receptors:  red, green ,and blue
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Color vision theories:  What is opponent-process?
there are opposing retinal processes--

Red/green, Yellow/blue, White/black

(This one is more accurate?)
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What is amplitude?
Strength of sound wave, or its loudness
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What is frequency?
pitch
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Decibels
arbitrary system for comparing relative loudness
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The path of sound waves through the ear?
outer ear ==> ear canal ==> eardrum ==> middle ear => cochlea (snail shaped thingy)
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The three bones in the middle ear
hammer, anvil, stirrup
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What happens if hair cells are damaged?
Hearing loss
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Place theory
different sound waves cause hair cell vibration at different parts of the basilar membrane

leads to different pitches
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Frequency theory
the entire basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies
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Perceptual hypothesis
We see what we expect to see
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How much stuff do we pay attention to? (%)
30%
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Cocktail party effect
hearing one voice among many in a room
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Visual capture
Vision dominates all other senses
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Gestalt principles
integrate visual info into organized wholes
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Figure-ground
figures stand out against their surroundings, the "ground"
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Gestalt groupings
making sense of things (themes)
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Types of gestalt groupings?
proximity
connectedness
similarity
continuity
closure
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What is depth perception?
Seeing in 3D
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Types of binocular cues and their definitions
Retinal disparity - the brain computes distance between images cast on both retinas

Convergence - the eyes turn inward when they view a nearby object
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Interposition
the object that partially blocks another looks closer
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Relative size
objects that cast a smaller retinal image appear farther away

ex: someone walking away from you
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Relative clarity
Hazy objects appear farther away
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Relative height
Objects higher in visual field appear farther away

ex: the picture of the clouds over the hills and cows
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Texture gradient
the progression from distinct textures to indistinct ones.  Indistinct texture indicates increasing distance:

ex:sunflowers
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Linear perspective
Parallel lines appear to converge as distance increases

ex: those old landscape pictures from elementary
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Light and shadow
Objevcts that reflect more light appear closer to us, while dimmer objects look farther away
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Is there a critical period for vision?
Yes
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Perceptual adaptation
ability to adjust visually to an altered visual field


ex: the guy with goggles throwing a football
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Perceptual set
predisposition to see one thing and not another
Flashcard set info:
Author: Melkino
Main topic: Psychology
Topic: General
Published: 24.02.2010
 
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