Tags: 101.1, commands, linux, modprobe
Quelle:
Quelle:
Tags: 101.1, commands, dmesg, linux, logs
Quelle:
Quelle:
What does it mean if memory is considered "volatile"?
It requires power to remain in use, and is wiped clean upon restart or power loss.
Tags: 101.1, acronyms, RAM
Quelle:
Quelle:
What are example security features are implemented in modern BIOS setups?
A BIOS can now detect when devices or memory have been changed/altered, or even if the case/chassis has been opened or removed.
You can also set a BIOS-level password, though it is rarely used in the business environment.
You can also set a BIOS-level password, though it is rarely used in the business environment.
Tags: 101.1, BIOS, security
Quelle:
Quelle:
How does Linux maintain its clock software?
By counting interrupts generated by an oscillator circuit in your computer. This only functions while the computer is running.
Tags: 101.1, linux, time
Quelle:
Quelle:
How do the BIOS clock and the Operating System clock interact, and how do they differ?
Upon boot-up, the BIOS clock provides a time to the Operating System, at which point they become independent of each other and can differ even if by only milliseconds.
Tags: 101.1, bios, clock, linux, time
Quelle:
Quelle:
Will the Operating System clock and the BIOS clock differ? If so, how can you re-synchronize them?
Yes, by the nature of the software they eventually drift. The command hwclock can be used to re-synchronize the system clock and the operating system clock.
Tags: 101.1, BIOS, clock, commands, hwclock, linux, synchronize, time
Quelle:
Quelle:
What is the ATA standard, what does it stand for, and what are its variations? What are the three most popular storage mediums?
- ATA stands for Advanced Technology Attachment
- PATA is Parallel ATA - the ATA standard
- SATA is Serial ATA -
SCSI, Small Computer Systems Interface is another common standard, with its own variations.
Tags: 101.1, ata, hard drives, pata, sata, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
What is the ATA standard, what does it stand for, and what are its variations? What are the three most popular storage mediums?
- ATA stands for Advanced Technology Attachment
- PATA is Parallel ATA - the ATA standard
- SATA is Serial ATA -
SCSI, Small Computer Systems Interface is another common standard, with its own variations.
Tags: 101.1, ata, hard drives, pata, sata, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
Which is the optimal drive setup and why:
- Two drives attached to one controller; one set to master, one set to slave.
- Each drive attached to a separate controller.
Each drive should ideally be attached to a separate controller because each controller has a limited throughput. One drive per controller allows for maximum throughput.
Tags: 101.1, hard drives, master, PATA, slave
Quelle:
Quelle:
How are partitions identified in the Linux file system?
With a number after the device name. For exampe, /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2, etc.
Tags: 101.1, fs, hard drives, linux, partitions
Quelle:
Quelle:
Tags: 101.1, bus types, hard drives, SATA
Quelle:
Quelle:
Is SATA faster than PATA? What are their data rates in comparison?
Yes, ideally. SATA is capable of 187-375 MB/s, whereas PATA runs at 16-133 MB/s.
Tags: 101.1, data rates, hard drives, PATA, SATA
Quelle:
Quelle:
Tags: 101.1, hard drives, linux, sata, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
Tags: 101.1, bus types, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
How do you identify SCSI devices?
Each SCSI device is identified by a unique ID that must be set by a jumper.
Tags: 101.1, bus types, linux, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
Are SCSI devices detected by a standard x86 BIOS? Can you boot from a SCSI drive?
No, but you can detect SCSI if the SCSI host adapter has its own BIOS included. Higher end SCSI host adapters generally have this capability, while the lower end ones do not.
Even with a host adapter that includes its own BIOS, you will still need to boot from PATA or SATA drive to detect the SCSI drives.
Even with a host adapter that includes its own BIOS, you will still need to boot from PATA or SATA drive to detect the SCSI drives.
Tags: 101.1, BIOS, linux, scsi, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
Is SCSI device identification different than other hard drives? Explain.
Yes. SCSI IDs aren’t used to identify the corresponding device file on a Linux system. Hard drives follow the naming system /dev/sdx (where x is a letter from a up), SCSI tapes are named /dev/stx and /dev/nstx (where x is a number from 0 up), and SCSI CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs are named /dev/scdx (where x is a number from 0 up).
Tags: 101.1, devices, fs, hard drives, linux, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
What problems can arise involving SCSI device numbering, and what are the best practices when adding new SCSI drives?
SCSI device numbering (or lettering) is usually assigned in increasing order based on the SCSI ID. If you have one hard disk with a SCSI ID of 2 and another hard disk with a SCSI ID of 4, they will be assigned to /dev/sda and /dev/sdb, respectively. The real danger is if you add a third SCSI drive and give it an ID of 0, 1, or 3.
This new disk will become /dev/sda (for an ID of 0 or 1) or /dev/sdb (for ID 3), bumping up one or both of the existing disks’ Linux device identifiers. For this reason, it’s usually best to give hard disks the lowest possible SCSI IDs so that you can add future disks using higher IDs.
This new disk will become /dev/sda (for an ID of 0 or 1) or /dev/sdb (for ID 3), bumping up one or both of the existing disks’ Linux device identifiers. For this reason, it’s usually best to give hard disks the lowest possible SCSI IDs so that you can add future disks using higher IDs.
Tags: 101.1, devices, fs, hard drives, linux, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
Can non-SCSI devices be assigned SCSI identifications in the file structure?
Yes. Non-SCSI devices such as USB drives or SATA drives can be mapped to the SCSI sub-system, and interfere with the SCSI device numbering if you are not careful.
Tags: 101.1, devices, fs, hard drives, linux, scsi
Quelle:
Quelle:
When terminating, what parts of the chain must be terminated? What parts should not?
Devices mid-chain must not be terminated. Both ends of the SCSI chain must be terminated however. A SCSI host adapter qualifies as a device, so if it is at the end of the chain, it can be terminated.
Modern SCSI devices usually include a jumper or other setting to enable or disable termination.
Modern SCSI devices usually include a jumper or other setting to enable or disable termination.
Tags: 101.1, bus types, hard drives, host adapter, linux, SCSI, SCSI chain, termination
Quelle:
Quelle:
What are some of the common varieties that external devices come in?
- USB
- IEEE-1394
- SCSI
You configure external SCSI disks just like internal disks, although the physical details of setting the SCSI ID number and termination may differ. This would be described in the manual.
Tags: 101.1, bus types, device types, hard drives, IEEE, linux, SCSI, USB
Quelle:
Quelle:
What are some of the key advantages of partitioning?
- Multi-OS Support - Boot two operating systems requiring two different file systems
- File-system Choice - Some file systems may be more suited to certain applications than others
- Disk Space Management
- Disk Error Management - Allows isolation of a problem, should a partition or file system become corrupt. Titanic style.
- Security - Ability to set read-only file systems can add security, or be used for redundancy in the event that data is lost on a duplicate partition
- Backups - They work better on entire partitions at a time, so segmenting your space into small, intelligently spaced surface areas allows for more effective backups and management.
Tags: 101.1, fs, hard drives, linux, partitions
Quelle:
Quelle:
How many partitions did the original x86 architecture support? Now that this has changed, what are those original partitions referred to as?
Four. They are now referred to as the primary partitions.
Tags: 101.1, partitions, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
As hard disks grew larger, how did they work around the issue of the four partition limit, while maintaining backwards-compatibility?
How did they identify and categorize the subsequent solution?
How did they identify and categorize the subsequent solution?
The x86 partitioning system was extended by a single primary partition as a placeholder for an arbitrary number of additional partitions.
The placeholder partition is known as an extended partition, and all partitions within it are referred to as logical partitions.
The placeholder partition is known as an extended partition, and all partitions within it are referred to as logical partitions.
Tags: 101.1, extended partitions, linux, logical partitions, partitions, primary partitions, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
What operating systems must boot from a Primary Partition? Which do not?
Operating systems such as DOS and Windows must boot from a primary partition. Linux does not, and may actually use resources from multiple partitions to facilitate its needs.
Tags: 101.1, linux, partitions, primary partition
Quelle:
Quelle:
What is now the standard x86 partition design?
The x86 partitioning system uses up to four primary partitions, one of
which can be a placeholder extended partition that contains logical partitions.
which can be a placeholder extended partition that contains logical partitions.
Tags: 101.1, extended partition, linux, logical partition, partitions, primary partition, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
How are logical partitions' numbers assigned? Provide examples.
From five and up, and usually assigned sequentially.
For example, if there is a /dev/hda6, this implies that there is also a /dev/hda5.
For example, if there is a /dev/hda6, this implies that there is also a /dev/hda5.
Tags: /dev, 101.1, linux, logical partition, partitions
Quelle:
Quelle:
Aside from logical, primary, and extended partitions, there is another class of partitions that should be recognized. What are they, and how are they classified in the x86 architecture?
The x86 partition table supports partition type codes, which are two-digit hexadecimal numbers that are assigned to specific functions.
Examples:
0x06 is reserved for a certain type of File Allocation Table (FAT) partition.
0x82 denotes a Linux swap partition.
0x83 denotes a Linux file-system partition.
Examples:
0x06 is reserved for a certain type of File Allocation Table (FAT) partition.
0x82 denotes a Linux swap partition.
0x83 denotes a Linux file-system partition.
Tags: 101.1, linux, partitions, type codes, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
Operating Systems like Windows and DOS rely more on type code partitions than Linux, but there are exceptions. What are they?
- During installation, most Linux distributions pay attention to the partition type codes to help them guess how the system is configured. Installers and Linux disk utilities also create partitions with appropriate type codes set.
- Linux relies on the extended partition type codes (0x05 and 0x0f) to identify extended partitions. You can try to act directly on the extended partition using various utilities, but for the most part doing so would be a mistake.
Tags: 101.1, linux, partitions, type codes, x86
Quelle:
Quelle:
To view partition information about a device, or to otherwise gain information about partitions and devices on the machine, what command can you use? Present an example.
The fdisk command.
Example:
fdisk -l /dev/hdb - This command will show the partition table for the device /dev/hdb.
fdisk -l - this will simply list the partition tables for all devices on the system.
Example:
fdisk -l /dev/hdb - This command will show the partition table for the device /dev/hdb.
fdisk -l - this will simply list the partition tables for all devices on the system.
Tags: 101.1, commands, fdisk, linux, partitions
Quelle:
Quelle:
What does Linux use to produce and maintain log files? Where do you configure it?
syslogd - otherwise known as the syslog daemon.
The syslogd daemon handles messages from servers and other user-mode programs. It’s usually paired with a daemon called klogd, which is generally installed from the same sysklogd package as syslogd. The klogd daemon manages logging of kernel messages.
For configuration, this is done through the /etc/syslog.conf file. (The rsyslogd configuration file is /etc/rsyslog.conf and is similar to syslog.conf.)
The syslogd daemon handles messages from servers and other user-mode programs. It’s usually paired with a daemon called klogd, which is generally installed from the same sysklogd package as syslogd. The klogd daemon manages logging of kernel messages.
For configuration, this is done through the /etc/syslog.conf file. (The rsyslogd configuration file is /etc/rsyslog.conf and is similar to syslog.conf.)
Tags: /etc, 101.1, daemon, klog, linux, logs, syslog
Quelle:
Quelle:
What are some of the valid codes for the facility value? What do they generally mean?
- auth - security/authorization related
- authpriv - privilege related
- cron - cron job related
- daemon - servers/processes that aren't covered by a more specific facilitiy
- kern - kernel related
- lpr -
- mail - used for mail servers and other mail-processing tools
- mark - reserved for internal use
- news - server update/news related
- security - identical to auth, though auth is the preferred facility
- syslog - related to the system logging daemon
- user - user related
- uucp - printing related
- local0 through local7
Asterisk * is a wildcard for all facilities, while the . character can be used to select multiple facilities.
Tags: 101.1, facilities, linux, logs, syslog
Quelle:
Quelle:
What are the valid codes for the priority portion, and what do they imply?
- debug
- notice
- info
- warning - currently used, self-explanatory
- warn - deprecated
- error - deprecated
- err
- crit
- alert
- emerg
- panic - deprecated
Aside from the deprecated codes, the above are listed in escalating importance.
Tags: 101.1, codes, linux, logs, priority, syslog
Quelle:
Quelle:
What command/utility can you use to get a list of attached USB devices, even with no options?
lsusb
Tags: 101.1, devices, linux, lsusb
Quelle:
Quelle:
List what the following common rpm command options do:
- -i
- -q
- -U
- -F or freshen
- -V verify
- -e
- -i: Installs a package; system must not contain a package of the same name
- -q: Queries a package—finds if a package is installed, what files it contains, and so on
- -U: Installs a new package or upgrades an existing one
- -F or freshen: Upgrades a package only if an earlier version already exists
- -V verify: Verifies a package—checks that its files are present and unchanged since installation.
- -e: Uninstalls a package.
Tags: 101.1, commands, linux, options, RPM
Quelle:
Quelle:
Kartensatzinfo:
Autor: Ryan Robson
Oberthema: Informatics
Thema: Linux
Ort: Houston
Veröffentlicht: 08.02.2011
Schlagwörter Karten:
Alle Karten (75)
/dev (2)
/etc (2)
101.1 (36)
acronyms (1)
architecture (1)
ata (2)
bash (1)
BIOS (5)
bios (1)
bit (1)
branch (1)
bus (2)
bus types (7)
cables (1)
clock (3)
codes (1)
commands (7)
configuration (1)
controller (1)
daemon (1)
data rates (1)
dev (1)
device types (1)
devices (5)
dmesg (1)
facilities (1)
fdisk (1)
fork (1)
fs (8)
hard drives (17)
history (1)
host adapter (1)
hwclock (1)
IEEE (1)
ISA (2)
klog (1)
linux (31)
logs (5)
lspci (1)
lsusb (1)
master (1)
modprobe (1)
naming standards (1)
options (1)
packages (1)
partitions (11)
pata (2)
PATA (6)
PCI (2)
pci (2)
priority (1)
proc (3)
RAM (1)
resistor (1)
RPM (2)
sata (3)
SATA (2)
scsi (9)
SCSI (4)
SCSI chain (1)
security (1)
slave (1)
synchronize (1)
syslog (4)
termination (2)
time (4)
type codes (2)
umount (1)
USB (1)
x86 (6)
