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4-5 A researcher wants to know if a new sports drink improves physical performance. Participants are first measured on the number of sit-ups they can complete in one minute.  The participants are then given eight ounces of the new sports drink, and then the number of sit-ups completed in one minute is again measured.  The researcher finds that the number of sit-ups completed is less after versus before consuming the new sports drink.  This finding is likely a result of a(n) _ effect.