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Compulsory Joinder.  Was Underwood necessary and indispensible? (w/o pty, relief cannot be granted.  OR missing pty has interest which would be impeded in absence OR risk inconsistent allegations.)

H - Relief could be granted in Underwood's absence.  Underwood didn't have an interest, b/c federal outcome would not be precedent for ongoing state litigation against Underwood. (Issue preclusion must be reasonably likely as a result, not just possible, and usually only occurs if parties are in privity, i.e. have some right of control). 

Notes: Joint tortfeasors who may have to pay full amt if their co-feasor is not brought in is not "inconsistent allegations," b/c you know this at the start when you agree to a joint venture.  Thus, Shepard Niles is SOL if Underwood isn't found liable in the state thing, even though they're joint tortfeasors.