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• Face-to-Face
- Has highest information richness.
- Can take advantage of verbal and nonverbal signals.
- Provides for instant feedback.
o Management by wandering around takes advantage of this with
informal talks to workers.
o Video conferences provide much of this richness and reduce travel costs and meeting times.

• Spoken Communication Electronically Transmitted
- Has the second highest information richness.
o Telephone conversations are information rich with tone of voice,
sender’s emphasis and quick feedback, but provide no visual
nonverbal cues.

• Personally Addressed Written Communication
- Has a lower richness than the verbal forms of communication, but still is directed at a given person.
o Personal addressing helps ensure receiver actually reads the
message—personal letters and e-mail are common forms.
o Does not provide instant feedback to the sender although sender may get feedback later.
o Excellent media for complex messages requesting follow-up actions by receiver.

• Impersonal Written Communication
- Has the lowest information richness.
o Good for messages to many receivers where little or no feedback is expected
o Examples:
newsletters reports rules and regulations