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Spherical
Rod-like
Corkscrew-shaped

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying organisms

formed from the genus and species

a group that includes a number of very closely related species

populations of organisms that can potentially interbreed under natural conditions

Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

evolutionary history

The science of reconstructing phylogeny

Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi (fungi)
Protists (eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi)

the total number of species in an ecosystem

any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

microscopic in size

in Protists, extensions of the cell membrane used to surround and engulf prey

Free-living types in the soil that decompose organic dead matter

Parasites that live inside the bodies of a host organism

in water are collectively known as algae

Single-celled, non-photosynthetic protists

Protists that have a feeding groove and lack mitochondria

Groove resembles a hole, or a ditch, hence the name.

Protists that have distinctive mitochondria

Live mostly in freshwater and swim by flagella.

include photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms

All members of the group have fine, hair-like projections on their flagella

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Protists that are parasites, predators, and phytoplankton

Single-celled

Can cause red-tide that suffocates marine life, and produce a toxin that can be lethal to humans and is found in some shellfish. 

include the foraminiferans and the radiolarians

The pseudopods are thin and thread-like and may extend through elaborate shells.

foraminiferans produce chalky shells, while radiolarians produce glassy shells made of silica.

inhabit aquatic and terrestrial environments; they feed and move by pseudopods

Can be predatory or parasitic.

Includes a particular type of amoeba that can cause dysentery.

live primarily in clear tropical oceans

Multicellular, photosynthetic seaweeds

Contain pigment that can range in color from red to black

Found in deep, clear waters, where their red pigments absorb the deeply penetrating blue-green light and transfer this light energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis

-- Contribute to the formation of certain reefs.

live mostly in ponds and lakes

Photosynthetic protists.

May be multicellular or unicellular

Closely related to plants, and some scientists believe that the earliest plants were similar to today’s multicellular green algae

pores in plants that open and allow gas exchange, but close when water is scarce

require a moist environment to reproduce, and therefore they straddle the boundary between aquatic and terrestrial life

Nonvascular plants lack conducting structures

They lack true roots, stems, or leaves

Because they must instead rely on slow diffusion to distribute water and other nutrients, nonvascular plants are of limited body size (most less than 2.5 cm tall)


include the hornworts, liverworts, and mosses

have been able to colonize dry habitats

have tube-shaped conducting cells that also provide support

Can be divided into two groups: the seedless vascular plants and the seed plants

carries male gametes (sperm)

They are dispersed by wind or pollinators

They eliminate the need for sperm to swim to the egg

three components: an embryo, a food supply for the embryo, and a protective outer coat

flowering plants

Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits

They are the most diverse and widespread of all plants, with more than 230,000 species

They range in size from 3 mm in diameter, to 100 meters in height

reproductive structures that are believed to have evolved when gymnosperm ancestors formed an association with animals

mature ovaries that contain developing seeds

Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds

Edible fruits entice animals to eat them (seeds pass through the digestive tract unharmed)

capture more sunlight

The broad leaves of angiosperms collect more sunlight for photosynthesis than the narrow leaves of gymnosperms.

consist of slender threads

Most fungi are multicellular

Cells are surrounded by cell walls composed of chitin, a structural polysaccharide

an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments that maks up the body of a fungi

an interwoven mass of threadlike filaments

Hyphae of most species are divided into many cells by a partition called a septum; each cell possesses one or more nuclei

Pores in the septum allow cytoplasm to stream from one cell to the next

Fungi cannot move, but grow rapidly in any direction within a suitable environment

are tiny reproductive packages capable of developing into adult fungi

They are often produced in large numbers, and are spread by animals or air currents

chytrids

zygomycetes

glomeromycetes

basidiomycetes

ascomycetes

Most are aquatic

They are distinguished from other fungi by forming flagellated
spores that require water for dispersal

They reproduce both asexually and sexually

Most feed on dead aquatic material

Some species are parasites of plants and animals

Most live in soil or on decaying plant or animal material

The group includes black bread mold

They reproduce both asexually and sexually

live on the roots of plants

Their hyphae penetrate root cells and form microscopic branching structures inside the cell

The interaction forms a beneficial relationship

Called the club fungi because they produce club-shaped reproductive structures

Typically reproduce sexually

Most mushrooms are included in this group

Called sac fungi and reproduce both asexually and sexually

Includes most food-spoiling molds

Truffles (exotic mushroom delicacies)

Penicillin (the world’s first antibiotic)

Yeasts

a close interaction between organisms of different species over an extended period of time

formed by fungi that live with photosynthetic algae or bacteria

The fungus provides its photosynthetic partner with shelter and protection

The photosynthetic partner in turn provides the fungus with food (sugar)

grow on a wide variety of materials (soils, tree trunks and branches, rocks, fences, roofs, and walls)

They are able to survive environmental extremes (newly formed volcanic islands, deserts)

Very diverse in form

symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots

Fungi that live inside plant stems and leaves

Fungi that feed on dead organisms release extracellular substances that digest the tissues of the dead and release carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and minerals that can be reused by plants

Yeasts consume sugar from fruit, wheat, or barley and release ethanol and CO2 in the process

non-flowering plants

evolved earlier than angiosperms

only a few groups of gymnosperms survive, including ginkgos and conifers

includes pines, firs, spruce, hemlocks, and cypresses

Conifers are most abundant in cold latitudes and at high elevations

the primary means of locomotion in prokaryotes

Groups of slime-secreting bacteria

thickly wrapped particles of genetic material and a few enzymes


form inside some bacteria under inhospitable environmental conditions and get released from the bacterium.

doesn't require oxygen

Perform Photosynthesis

Asexual cell division produces identical copies

allows for DNA transfer between donor and recipient

Sex pili connect donor to recipient cell, by forming a cytoplasmic bridge

Small circular DNA molecules that carry genes from donor to recipient

Disease-producing bacteria

Tuberculosis (once thought to be eliminated from the United States) is making a comeback

Gonorrhea and syphilis (sexually transmitted diseases) have reached epidemic proportions around the globe

Cholera (water-transmitted in contaminated drinking water) is under control in developed countries but remains a major killer in poorer parts of the world

Black Plague

consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat


They have no cell membranes, no cytoplasm, no ribosomes

They can reproduce only inside a host cell


They are very small (0.05–0.2 micrometers)

What viruses infect

Virus that infects bacteria

infectious particles with only short RNA strands (no protein coat)

These particles can enter a host cell nucleus and direct new viroid
synthesis

Very commonly cause disease in plants

misfolded protein that becomes infectious