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The manager at a construction site observes that he is spending a great deal of time interviewing prospective employees. This is due to the large amount of absenteeism and turnover among his skilled workers. On questioning exiting employees he discovers that many of them quit because they feel the workplace is too dangerous. In particular, several foremen have stated that the need to get the job done quickly is more important than a few rules, and have gone as far as to mock the courage of workers who question this attitude.

What is not a dependent variable that the manager wishes to explain in this case?

A) turnover
B) absenteeism
C) time spent interviewing new hires
D) deviant workplace behavior
E) the skill level of his workers