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8. IBM at one time only sold through their own sales force.  Today, however, the market
     has caused changes in IBM’s distribution philosophy.  The company now has 18
     new channels.  The correct description of this form of marketing would be to
     characterize IBM’s approach as being one where are used.
     a.  vertical marketing channels
     b.  parallel marketing channels
     c.  hybrid marketing channels
     d.  horizontal marketing channels