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Psychology Ch. 2 (66 Cards)

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A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

neuron

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neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Dendrites

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neuron extensions that pass messages to other neurons or cells

axons

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a nerve impulse

action potential

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the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

synapse

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the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

threshold

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a neuron's reaction of either firing(with a full strength response) or not firing

all-or-none

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neuron produced chemicals that cross synapses to carry messages to other neurons or cells

neurotransmitters

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chemicals, such as opium, morphine, and heroine, that depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

opiates

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"morphine with" - natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

endorphins

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the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

nervous system

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the brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

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the sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

peripheral nervous system

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bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

nerves

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neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system

sensory neurons

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neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

motor neurons

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neurons that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

interneurons

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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

somatic nervous system

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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

autonomic nervous system

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the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

sympathetic nervous system

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the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

parasympathetic nervous system

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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

endocrine system

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chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

hormones

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a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidney's and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

adrenal glands

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the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

pituitary gland

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the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; this is responsible for automatic survival functions

Answer

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the base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing

medulla

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recording apparatus, using electrodes placed on the scalp, that records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface

EEG (electroence phalograph)

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a view of brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

PET (position emission tomography)

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a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. shows brain anatomy.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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a technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. shows brain function

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

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area at the top of the brain stem; directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

thalmus

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a nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

reticular formation

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the "little brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include, processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and input

cerebellum

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neural system (including the hippocampus, amygadala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

limbic system

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two Lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotions

amygdala

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a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion

hypothalamus

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thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

cerebral cortex

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portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

frontal lobes

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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear;receives sensory input for touch and body position

parietal lobes

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portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

occipital lobes

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portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; receives information from the ears

temporal lobes

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area at the rear of the frontal lobe; controls voluntary movements

motor cortex

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area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

sensory cortex

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false sensory experiences, such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory

hallucinations

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areas of the cerebral vortex that are primarily involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering thinking and speaking

association areas

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an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech; controls language reception

Broca's area

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a brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression; controls language reception

Wernicke's area

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the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

plasticity

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large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

corpus callasom

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condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

split brain

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sub-field of psychology that studies the connections between out brain activity and the processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, and community

cognitive neuroscience

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our awareness of ourselves and our environment

consciousness

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focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

selective attention

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failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

in attentional blindness

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the biological clock ; regular bodily rhythms (ex. temp and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle

circadian rhythm

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recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed(except for minor twitches) but other body systems are reactive

REM (rapid eye movement)

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relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake atate

alpha waves

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periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation

sleep

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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

insomnia

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sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

narcolepsy

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a sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath

sleep apnea

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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind

dream

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according to Freud, the remembered meaning of a dream

manifest content

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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

latent content

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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation