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Entomology Exam 1 (66 Cards)

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What is entomology?

the study of insects

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What does arthropod mean and what are its characteristics?

"jointed foot"

1. chitin
2. segmented body
3. open circulatory system
4. bilateral symmetry
5. sexual reproduction

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What is the Class Chilopoda characterized by? What is the most common example?

1. Predators: eat small arthropods
2. live in soil and humus
3. one pair of legs per segment

ex: centipedes

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What is the class Diplopoda characterized by? What is an example?

1. two pairs of legs per segment
2. feed on decaying organic matter

ex: millipedes

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Class Crustacea characteristics

1. branched appendages
2. aquatic

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Class Arachnida characteristics

1. no antennae
2. two body segments
3. terrestrial
4. carnivorous

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Class Insecta characteristics; also How many named species are there? What are the three body segments called?

1. Three body segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
2. six legs
3. most adults have wings
4. two antennae
5. breathe through openings in bodies

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1) What is DDT? 2) Who was it created by? 3) Who discovered its insecticide use?

1) A Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
2) Othmar Zeidler
3) Paul Müller

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What was Silent Spring dedicated to?

Albert Schweizer

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What came out of Silent Spring?

1. Within one year, pesticide bills introduced in 40 states
2. CBS interview
3. US Senate hearings

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What was the turning point in the DDT debate? Who was behind this turning point?

DDT is present in human breast milk!

Victor Yannacone

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What are the three important dates surrounding SS?
1) Published
2) EPA founded
3) EPA bans use of DDT

1) 1962

2) 1970

3) 1972

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Why was DDT found in breast milk? What does it do to the body? Why are bird populations at risk?

DDT is fat soluble

It interferes with the nervous system

Bird eggs are more likely to break do to a reduction of calcium caused by DDT. Also, the birds are less likely to have viable offspring.

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What is the "Synergistic" effect of pesticides?

Two or more pesticides work in conjunction and are worse for you

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Who is David Pimentel? What percentage of pesticides reach the target pest?

economic entomologist
less than 0.1% of pesticides reach the target pest

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What is the Pesticide Treadmill?

1. Insect becomes resistant to pesticide
2. Must apply greater amount of chemicals to kill pest
3. Apply more toxic pesticides

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What is this quote referring to? "Every man in this room is half the man his grandfather was!!!"

1) How does the 1990 sperm count compare to that of the 1940s?
2) How do testicular cancer rates compare to those of the 1970s?

Some pesticides mimic human sex hormones.

1) 1/2 sperm count in 1990

2) twice as high

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What happened in Lake Apopka?

1. Major DDT spill in 1980
2. decline in number of alligators
3. 75% of eggs are dead
4. 25% are male and have too small of a penis to mate
5. Many turtles are both male and female

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What is DES? Why was is bad? When do the effects take place?

a synthetic estrogen

Women who took DES are more likely to develop vaginal cancer

effects take place 20 years later!

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What are two ways to Biologically control a pest's population?

1. Sterilization
2. B.t. bacteria

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What are the limitations of B.t.?

1. It must be eaten
2. A given variety can only target one group of insects

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What does B.t. do to an insect? Is it fast acting?

It destroys its stomach. Yes, contrary to popular belief.

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What are some limitations of pesticide viruses?

1. Act VERY slowly
2. only attacks a few insect species

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What is the Kingdom, Phylum, and Class of insects? [VERY IMPORTANT]

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta

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Who is responsible for the current classification system?

Linnaeus

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[Why insects are successful] What are the advantages and disadvantages of their exoskeletons?

+ protection
+ muscles attach directly to exoskeleton
+ limits water loss
- must mold when it grows

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[Why insects are successful] What are the three appendages used for? Head, Thorax, Abdomen

Head: feeding
Thorax: locomotion
Abdomen: reproduction

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[Why insects are successful] What do wings help an insect to do?

1. Find food
2. Find a mate
3. evade predators

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[Why insects are successful] What are the advantages and disadvantages of being small in size?

+can hide easily
-large surface to volume ratio (water evaporates quickly)

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[Why insects are successful] What is the difference between Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosis? Which is more common?

Complete Metamorphosis (most common):
Egg > Larvae > Pupa > Adult

Incomplete Metamorphosis:
Egg > Nymph > Adult

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[Why insects are successful] What are an insect's two ways to escape adverse conditions?

1. Migration
2. Diapause (a period of arrested development, usually triggered by short days)

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[Why insects are successful] What is an insects asexual form of reproduction called?

Parthenogenesis

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[Why insects are successful] What is Chitin made of/called?

Aminosugar polymer

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What is insect blood called?

Hemolymph

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[Why insects are successful] What are the four uses of insect pheromones?

1. Sex
2. Alarm
3. Aggregation (ex: attract others to food)
4. Trail

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What is the purpose of spraying Quinones by the Bombardier Beetle?

to bother predators/ warn them off

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How does the Bolas Spider attract/catch its prey?

Attracts only male moths of a certain species using a female sex pheromone. It throws a sticky ball at its prey and reels it in.

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What two methods are used by scientists to identify chemicals produced by insects?

Mass Spectrometry and Chromotography

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What does Aposematic mean?

bright coloration warns potential predators of a chemical defense

"You don't want to eat me!"

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Why are Monarch Butterflies protected from predators?

Their larvae feed on Milkweed and sequester a toxic alkaloid that proves very distasteful. Also, they are aposematic.

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T/F: Spiders DO NOT learn/know to avoid aposematic insects.

True

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T/F: Birds DO NOT learn/know to avoid aposematic insects.

False

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What is Ecology?

The relationship between organisms and their environment.

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T/F: B.t. is HARMFUL to Monarch Butterflies.

True

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What is Mutualism?

A relationship between two organisms that benefits both parties

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What example of Mutualism did Dan Janzen find in Costa Rica? What does each provide?

Ants/Acacia tree

Ants' duty:
- protects tree from leaf eaters

Tree Provides:
- Beltian Bodies for food (rich in fat, located on leaf tips)
- sugar glands at tree base
- a place to live for ants (live in the thorns)

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1) What is the relationship between the Mistletoe plant and the Eucalyptus plant? 2) What is the Mutualism between the Mistletoe bird and the Mistletoe Plant?

1) The Mistletoe plant is a parasite to the Eucalyptus.

2) The Mistletoe bird eats M berries. It then defecates them onto the Eucalyptus plant. The M seeds then germinate.

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How did Terry Irwin estimate the number of Tropical Arthropods?

1. Fogged one tree in Panama
2. Found 1,200 beetle species, 163 are host specific
3. There are 50,000 tropical tree species
4. There are 8,000,000 beetles
Since beetles are 40% of arthropods, it totals 20,000,000
5. There are 10,000,000 ground-dwelling beetles
6. There must be 30,000,000 Tropical Arthropods!

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How many insect species are there on the earth? (approx.)

Between 10 and 30 million species

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How many animals on earth have been described?

1.82 million

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What is the estimated species loss during the Dino-periods compared to now?

Dino-periods: 1/1000 years

Today: 1/day!!!

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Termites go through ........................... Metamorphosis. They have a symbiosis with ......................... and ............................ to degrade the cellulose in wood. Those able to .......................... have wings.

Incomplete, Protozoa, Fungi, Reproduce

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Termites are related to .......................... . Termite architecture is .................-............... . Termites use .......................... as cement.

Cockroaches, Free-form, Saliva

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What are the four members of a Termite caste system?

1. Soldier
2. Workers
3. King
4. Queen

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What are the three traits of social insects?

1. Reproductive division of labor
2. Cooperative care of young
3. Overlap in generations

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How can some insects walk on water?

1. They take advantage of the surface tension of water.
2. They have an extra layer of wax on their cuticle.

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1) To what order to Mayflies belong? What does it mean?
2) What type of Metamorphosis does it undergo? 3) How long do Nymphs live? How long do adults live?

1) Ephemeroptera

ephemera meaning "short lived"
ptera meaning "wings"

2) Incomplete Metamorphosis

3) 1-3 years, 1-2 days

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1) What is the Order of Dragonflies/Damselflies? What does it mean? 2) What type of Metamorphosis does it undergo?
3) How long are they Nymphs?

1) Odonata

odous meaning "tooth"

2) Incomplete Metamorphosis

3) 1-3 years

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Which apply to Dragonflies and which apple to Damselflies?

A) lays eggs on water
B) smaller of the two
C) holds wings straight back at rest
D) holds wings out to the side at rest
E) lays eggs in plant stems under water
F) larger

Dragonfly
A, D, F

Damselfly
B, C, E

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Define Phylum Arthropoda. What does it mean?

means "Jointed foot"

-made of Chitin
-segmented body
-open circulatory system
-sexual reproduction
-bilateral symmetry

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What does Chilopoda mean? What is an example?

means "Lip-foot

ex: Centipede

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What does Diplopoda mean? What is an example?

means "Two-foot"

ex: Millipede

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What does Class Insecta mean? How many named species are there? What are the three body segments?