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1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs in specialized viscera of the body

2. stimulated by the changes in internal enviornment

3. examples: in the tongue (CN VII, IX, X): taste
                       caudal nasal mucosa (CN I): olfaction

1. receptor organs are muscles, tendons and joints deep to the body surface

2. GP fibers are present in all spinal nerves and CN V

3. receptors are sensitive to changes in lengths and position of the structures they innervate

1. receptors are specialized to positions and movements of head

2. SP fibers are located in membranous labyrinth of inner ear

3. Vestibular division of CN VIII

1. cell bodies in thoracic region of spinal cord

2. course to head as part of vagosympathetic trunk

3. synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion

Leave from cranial cervical ganglion and then course with arteries to structures of the head

CN III: ciliary ganglion; ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae m.

CN VII: pterygopalatine ganglion, mandibular and sublingual ganglia
             lacrimal, nasal, palatine gland; mandibula and sublingual         salivary glands

CN IX: otic ganglion; zygomatic and parotid salivary glands

CN X: myenteric and submucosal ganglia; cardiac m., smooth m., glands of the respiratory and digestive systems

Function: sensory for the sense of smell from the olfactory mucosa, predominately in the caudal region of the nasal cavity (SVA)

Dysfunction: absence of the sense of smell (anosmia)

Test: can use aromatic compounds to determine if sense is present

Function: sensory for the sense of light (vision) from rods and cones in the nervous retina (SSA)

Goes through optic canal

Dysfunction: blindness (anopia)

Tests: menace response, have patient follow an object, direct and consensual light reflexes

Goes through orbital fissure

Motor to extrinsic skeletal muscle of th eye (GSE)
Dysfunction: lateral strabismus due to pull of lateral rectus
ptosis (drooping of the superior palpebra)

Parasympathic motor (GVE) to intrinsic smooth musculature of the eye
Dysfunction: mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); cyclopegia (paralysis of accommodation)

Tests: direct and consensual light reflexes

Function: motor to dorsal oblique m. (GSE)

Exits the dorsal surface of the brain stem (only cranial nerve to do so)
Courses through orbital fissure

Dysfunction: eye rotates on anterior/posterior axis so that the ventral part moves medially

Sensory for pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the skin of the face and mucous membranes of the head (GSA)

Motor to skeletal muscles of mastication (from 1st branchial arch: temporalis, masster, medial and lateral pterygoideus, rostral belly of digastricus, GSE)

Proprioception from skeletal muscles that arise from branchial arch mesenchyme (GP)

Opthalamic: Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary: Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular: Sensory (GSA and GP); Motor (GSE)

Courses through the orbital fissure

Sensory to the palpebrae, eyeball, nasal mucosa, and skin of the nose

Branches: lacrimal, nasociliary, frontal

postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from CN VII to the lacrimal gland

Supraorbital and supratrochlear nn. – sensory to the lateral two-thirds of the superior palpebra continuing to the dorsal midline

Long ciliary nn: sensory to eye (choroid, ciliary body, iris, cornea, bulbar conjunctiva)

Infratrochlear n: sensory to medial commissure of the palpebre

Ethmoidal n: sensory to part of the nasal mucosa and skin of the muzzle

Dysfunction: lack of sensation from areas innervated

Tests: palpebral reflex (frontal n, infratrochlear n., also facial n.)

           corneal reflex (long ciliary nn., also facial n.)

through round foramen and rostral alar foramen

Sensory to inferior palpebra, nasal mucosa, upper teeth, upper lip, and nose

Parasympathetic to lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands

Dysfunction: lack of sensation from innervated areas

Test: traction on one of the tactile sinus hairs results in reflex facial twitching
        foreign object directed into nasal vestibule results in reflex sneezing

Minor palatine: sensory to soft palate

Major palatine: sensory to mucosa of hard palate (courses through caudal palatine and major palatine foramen)

Caudal nasal n.: sensory to nasal mucosa surrounding the ventral nasal meatus (courses through sphenopalatine foramen)

Caudal superior alveolar brs: sensory to the caudal maxillary cheek teeth

Middle superior alveolar brs: sensory to the maxillary cheek teeth

Rostral superior alveolar brs: sensory to the upper canine and incisor teeth

infraorbital brs: sensory to skin of upper lip and nose

Courses through the oval foramen

Sensory to buccal cavity, rostral 2/3 of the tongue, inferior teeth, lower lip, chin and intermandibular area, lateral side of the face, rostral aspect of the ear

Motor to muslces of mastication, mylohyoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini mm.

Buccal n.: sensory to the buccal mucosa and skin of the cheek

Lingual n: sensory to rostral 2/3 of tongue
                (chorda tympani of facial n. joins lingual n. and carries sensory fibers for taste to same region of tongue)

Inferior alveolar n --> caudal, middle and rostral alveolar nn. sensory to inferior teeth.  mental nn to lower lip and rostral mandibular area

Auriculotemporal n: rostral auricular brs: sensory to skin of external ear and lateral face
           -transverse facial br. sensory to lateral side of the face and     tactile hairs of the cheek
            -brs. to tympanic membrane and adjacent external ear canal

-muscles of mastication-pterygoid, temporalis, masseter
-tensor tympani m.
-tensor veli palatini m.

-Mylohyoid n: motor to rostral belly of digastricus
                       sensory to lower lip, cheek, intermandibular area

Dysfunction: atrophy of masticatory muscle and lack of sensation from innervated areas

Test: open the mouth the test for muscular tone

Courses through the orbital fissure

Function: motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm. (GSE)

Dysfunction: medial strabismus due to pull of the medial rectus m.

Opthalamic: Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary: Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular: Sensory (GSA and GP); Motor (GSE)

Goes through orbital fissure

Motor to extrinsic skeletal muscle of th eye (GSE)
Dysfunction: lateral strabismus due to pull of lateral rectus
ptosis (drooping of the superior palpebra)

Parasympathic motor (GVE) to intrinsic smooth musculature of the eye
Dysfunction: mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); cyclopegia (paralysis of accommodation)

Tests: direct and consensual light reflexes

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound

1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound