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4-1 A researcher wants to find out whether gross motor coordination is better in the morning or in the afternoon. To measure coordination, participants balance a book on their heads first in the morning and then in the afternoon. What is confounded with the independent variable?

4-2 If a greater percentage of heart surgeons than skin doctors are sued for malpractice, can it be concluded that heart surgeons are less competent than skin doctors?

4-3 A graduate student randomly assigns students in a class to taste either Coke or Pepsi.    Students rate their liking for the soda on a scale from 1 to 10. This is an example of a  ___ design.

4-4 McKenna designs a study in which she has two control and two experimental groups.  In her design, one control group receives a pretest while the other does not, and one experimental group receives a pretest while the other does not.  McKenna’s design is an example of a _ design.

4-5 A researcher wants to know if a new sports drink improves physical performance. Participants are first measured on the number of sit-ups they can complete in one minute.  The participants are then given eight ounces of the new sports drink, and then the number of sit-ups completed in one minute is again measured.  The researcher finds that the number of sit-ups completed is less after versus before consuming the new sports drink.  This finding is likely a result of a(n) _ effect.

4-6 Jesse states that in his experiment, he has counterbalanced his conditions.  What does this mean?

4-7 A Latin Square design is used when

4-8  Gabriel measures participants on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Gabriel’s method of participant assignment is an example of a(n) _ design.

4-9 Which one of the following is a common reason for using a staged manipulation? The researcher desires to