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few Greeks ran restaurants in Greece
few Italians ran barber shops in Italy
no Chinese ran laundries in China
interchangeable
each European group found the niche that it did

yet they did open such businesses, hired fellow immigrants who learned the ropes and later went into business for themselves

these dissimilar businesses had common characteristics:
- none of them required large amounts of capital
- each was labor intensive
- each provided services to the general low-income public

- because of its ethnis diversity
- only 1% of its total population (308 mio) are descendants of native
  Americans

- the very first sttlers arrived form eastern Asia, via Alaska
- 1492: Columbus
- 1620: arrival of the Pilgriim Fathers on their ship Mayflower
fled from religious persecution

- search of a life in peace and freedom
- shelter from tyranny and political persecution
- people's hope for economic improvement
- America letters
- looking for adventure
- some were attracted by the lure of nature
some thought of the USA as the 'Garden of Eve' providing excellent conditions for farmers

Melting Pot traditionally
peolple n longer felt GErman, Ploish, French but members of a truly multicultural society

Salad Bowl after the browing of America
- a combination of many cultures, living and working together, each
  distinct and separate in itself
- the ingredients can still clearly be identified, i.e. the immigrants
  have kept their ethnicity

Mosaic/ Tapestry Canadians have adopted this metaphor for their society recently
- each colour is distinct and adds  to the overall beauty of the object
- this metaphor suggests that it is acceptable to keep one's
  differences and still be a part of the overall society

Anti-Catholic phase 1830s - mid-1850s
aimed at Irish Catholic (and to a lesser extend German Catholic) immigrants
never completely died out

Anti-Asian phase 1870s - 1882 (Chinese Exclusion act)
triggered by Chinese immigration
never completely died out

Anti-all immigrants mid-1880s
triumphed in the Immigration Act 1924

there was never a time when nativist attitudes weren't present in American society

relative international peace

end of the Napoleonic Wars - WW I

from a predominantly agrigultural nation
                      to
a basically industrial one




from a rural
                      to
a urban nation




from a relative isolated nation (concerened chiefly with its own affairs)
                       to
a world power deeply reluctantly engaged in Europe in Asia