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1.  vertebral body
2. vertebral arch , forming a roof over the vertebral foramen.
a. pedicle
b. lamina
3. superior and inferior vertebral notch on each pedicle forms an interverebtral foramen with the adjacent vertebra for passage of spinal nerves and associated vessels.
4. paired superior and inferior articular processes
5. spinous and transverse processes for attachment of muscles and ligaments
a. transverse processes

intertransversarium

interspinalis

levatores costrarum

Answer

Answer

more superficial: latissiumus dorsi and trapezius

more deep: levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor

in total five

intercostal nerves and arteries

1) pedicle
2) transverse process
3) lamina
4) spinous process
5)vertebral arch
6)-
7)vertebral body

1) superior vertebral notch
2) pedicle
3)vertebral  body
4)inferior vertebral notch
5)inferior articular provess
6) lamina
7) spinous process
8)transverse process
9)superior articular process

1) move the spinal column
2) fill in the hollow between the spninous and transverse process, in the thorax they fill in  the angles of the rib, some extend into the back of neck
3) are in tube of fascia, in neck called prevertebral fascia, below neck thoracolumbar fascia
inferior part of tube fused with tendon of superficial back muscles to form lumbar aponeurosis
4)innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

superfical spinotransversalis  musles ( slenius cervicis and splenius capitis)

itnermediate erector spinae

deep transversospinales

ligamentum nuchae

2 splenius capitis (attaches to the occipital bone and mastoid process)

3 splenius cervicis (attaces to the transverse process of the upper cerical vertebraue)
both run form the cervical and thoracic spinous processes and ligamentum nuchae

action: bilaterally draw head backwards (extending the neck), unilaterally rotate nekc to ipsilateral side

1 spinalis capitis
2 longissimus captis
3 spinalis cervicis
4 longissimus cervicis
5 iliocostalis cervicis
6 spinalis thoracis
7 longissimus thoracis
8 iliocostalis thoracis
9 iliocostalis lumborum

1 semispinalis captitis
2 semispinalis thoracis
3 rotatores thoracis (short and long)
4 levatores costarum (short and long)
5 multifidus
6 intertransversarius

the space betwen the transverse process andt eh spinous process of the vertebrae

semispinalis
starts at lower thoracic regions, attaches to occipital part of the skull

mulitifidus ( more promindent in the lumbar region)

rotatores ( present thoughout the colunn, best prominent in thoracic region)

extension of the vertebral column
unilateral contraciton:  pulls spinous processes towards transverse process causing rotation towards the opposite side
bilateral contraciton contraction fo semispinalis capitis: pulls head posteriorly , unilateral contraciton puuls htead posteriorly and rotates to opposite side

arise from the transverse processes of c7 to t 11 and attach to the rib inserting near the tubercle
is a segmental muslce of the back (their contraction elevates the rib)
occurs deep in the back

true segmental muscles of back
span between adjacent spinous processes (interspinales) and between adjacent transverse proceses (intertransversarii)
postural muscles stailising adjacent vertebraes thus allowing action fo the larger muscles

bilateral action of: rectus abdominis
psoas major
gravity

lateral flexion: unilateral action of: iliocostalis thoracis and lumborum,
longissimus thoracis
multifidus
internal and external oblique
quadratus lumborum
rhomboids
serratur anterior

unilateral action of
rotatores
multifidus
iliocostalis
longissimus
external oblique and contralateral internal obliuqe
spelius thoracis

bilateral action of:
erector spinae
multifidus
semispinalis thoracis

one anterior (comes fromt eh vertebral arteries which in turn cme form the subclavian artery) and two posterior (also vertebral artery) spinal arteries

Vertebrae receive their blood supply segmentally from branches of deeply situated arteries in neck,
thorax, abdomen and pelvis.

-Drainage of the vertebral column:
-via the vertebral venous plexuses. The internal vertebral venous plexus runs the length of the entire vertebral canal; it receives venous blood from the spinal cord and the vertebral bodies. The vertebral body of each vertebra contains erythropoietic bone marrow;
newly formed red blood cells are transported from each vertebral body into the circulation via two basivertebral veins from each vertebra.
All of the veins in the internal vertebral venous plexus are valveless. Veins from the internal vertebral venous plexus pass through each intervertebral foramen to drain into the external vertebral venous
-  external venous plexus drains into larger veins of thorax, abdomen and neck

caused by acute back sprain hwcih ruptures the nucleus polposus though the annulus fibrosis
extrudes through the intervertebral foramen and thereby compressing teh spinal nerve causing pain

long term compression can end up in anastehsia and muscle weakness pr prarlysis of the region supplied by the nerve

mostly affects discs at the felxibel aprts (lower cervial and lumabr discs mostly affected)

herniation of disc between 1 and s 1 results in pressure on s1 , produced pain is called sciatica as it ivolves the sciatic nerve, pain is felt down the back of the thigh, leg and latearl side of the food

l3/4

extrinsic musles (superficial and intermediate)
intrinisc muscles ( superficial , intermeidate, deep including the erector spinae proper)

1 levator scapuale
2 trapezius
3 rhomboid minor
4 rhomboid major
5 lattisimus dorso

1 serratur posterior superior
2 posteror layer of thoracolumbar fasica
3 serratour posterior inferior

1. Superficial ‘spinotransversales’ muscles (splenius cervicis and splenius capitis)
2. Intermediate ‘erector spinae’ group of muscles
3. Deep ‘transversospinales’ muscle

splenius capitis
to occipital bone and mastoid process from Lower half of ligamentum nuchae; spinous processes of vertebrae CVII to TIV

splenius cervicis
spinous processes of the 3 to the 6 thoracic vertebrae to posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae.

draws head backwads (extending) and rotate head

spinalis capitis, thoracis, cervicis
longissimus cervicis captitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
iliocostalis cervicis cervicis, throcacis

extend
extrinsically contract to flex column
flex column laterallz or turn head ipsilaterally

semispinalis sapitis, thoracis
multifidus
intertransversarius
levator costarum
rotatores thoracis
interspinales

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

semispialis,
multifidus
rotatores

levatores costarum
interspinales
intertransversii

foramen transversarium (absend sometimes at c7)

a foramen tranversarium
b vertebral body
c intrasverse process
d spinours process
e vertebral canal

1 transverse process
2 foramen transversarium
3 spinous process

c1 and c2

1has no spinous process
2no body
3facets for occipital condyle
4anterior and posterior arch, have tubercles
5medial tubercle for attachment of transverse ligament (holds dens in place)

flat surfaces superior articular facets (atlas articulates on it)
dens (odontoid process held in place by the transverse ligament of the atlas
large bifid spinous process ( can be felt in the nuchal furrow)

zygapophyseal  joint (connect the articuar processes of adjacent vertebraes)

intervertebral discs, ligaments

annulus fibrosus (outer fibrocartilage ring)
nucleus pulposus (gelationous interior)

anterior and posterior longitudional ligaments (bands anterior and posterior to the vertebral bodies)
ligamenta flava (elastic, unite laminae within the vertebral canal and provide elastic recoil to straighten the flexed back)
supraspinour and itnerspinous ligament (connect vertebral spines)

extenson of supraspinous ligament

It extends from the external occipital protuberance and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra.