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All main topics
/
Psychology
/
General
Psych. ch. 5
(57 Cards)
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Distal stimulus
the object we're trying to see
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Proximal stimulus
the retinal image
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Analytic vs. holistic?
Analytic: looking at parts
Holistic: looking at the
big picture
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Sensation
"bottom-up processing"
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Perception
"top-down processing"
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Absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus (50% of the time)
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Signal detection theory
no absolute threshold
; depends on experience, expectations, motivations, and fatigue
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Subliminal stimulation
occurs below absolute threshold (< 50% of the time)
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sensory adaptation
constant stimulation ==> diminished sensitivity to the stimulus
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transduction
how sensory systems convert stimulus energy into neural impulses
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cornea
the eye's protective outer covering
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pupil
adjustable opening (the black part, or the hole)
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iris
ring of muscle tissue
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sensory adaptation
constant stimulation ==> diminished sensitivity to the stimulus
15
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Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil
accommodation
: the lens changes shape to focus the object
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The four kinds of cells in the retina?
Rods
Cones
Blind spot
Optic nerve
17
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Fovea
the point of central focus
18
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Visual transduction
Light energy is converted into neural impulses
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Acuity
sharpness of vision
20
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Farsightedness
Faraway objects
look clearer than close ones
Alternate name: Hyperopia
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Nearsightedness
Nearby objects are clearer than the faraway ones
Alternate name: Myopia
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Where does the image focus with nearsightedness?
Distant objects focus
in front
of the retina.
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Where does the image focus with farsightedness?
Nearby objects focus
behind retina
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Feature detectors
respond to specific aspects of stimuli
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Parallel processing
Integration of many aspects at once
think of the thing in rpg maker; many events happen at once
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What is wavelength?
the distance between two peaks
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Relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Shorter wavelength = higher frequency
28
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Color vision theories: what is the Young-Hemholtz theory?
the retina has 3 color receptors: red, green ,and blue
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Color vision theories: What is opponent-process?
there are opposing retinal processes--
Red/green, Yellow/blue, White/black
(This one is more accurate?)
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What is amplitude?
Strength of sound wave, or its loudness
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What is frequency?
pitch
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Decibels
arbitrary system for comparing relative loudness
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The path of sound waves through the ear?
outer ear ==> ear canal ==> eardrum ==> middle ear => cochlea (snail shaped thingy)
34
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The three bones in the middle ear
hammer, anvil, stirrup
35
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What happens if hair cells are damaged?
Hearing loss
36
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Place theory
different sound waves cause hair cell vibration at different parts of the
basilar membrane
leads to different pitches
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Frequency theory
the entire basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies
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Perceptual hypothesis
We see what we
expect
to see
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How much stuff do we pay attention to? (%)
30%
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Cocktail party effect
hearing one voice among many in a room
41
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Visual capture
Vision dominates all other senses
42
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Gestalt principles
integrate visual info into organized wholes
43
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Figure-ground
figures stand out against their surroundings, the "ground"
44
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Gestalt groupings
making sense of things (themes)
45
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Types of gestalt groupings?
proximity
connectedness
similarity
continuity
closure
46
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What is depth perception?
Seeing in 3D
47
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Types of binocular cues and their definitions
Retinal disparity
- the brain computes distance between images cast on both retinas
Convergence
- the eyes turn inward when they view a nearby object
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Interposition
the object that partially blocks another looks closer
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Relative size
objects that cast a smaller retinal image appear farther away
ex: someone walking away from you
50
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Relative clarity
Hazy objects appear farther away
51
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Relative height
Objects higher in visual field appear farther away
ex: the picture of the clouds over the hills and cows
52
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Texture gradient
the progression from distinct textures to indistinct ones. Indistinct texture indicates increasing distance:
ex:sunflowers
53
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Linear perspective
Parallel lines appear to converge as distance increases
ex: those old landscape pictures from elementary
54
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Light and shadow
Objevcts that reflect
more light
appear
closer
to us, while
dimmer objects
look
farther
away
55
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Is there a critical period for vision?
Yes
56
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Perceptual adaptation
ability to adjust visually to an altered visual field
ex
: the guy with goggles throwing a football
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Perceptual set
predisposition to see one thing and not another
Flashcard set info:
Author:
Melkino
Main topic:
Psychology
Topic:
General
Published:
24.02.2010
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