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amount of substance
[mol]

n [mol]

mass

m

molar mass

M

NA
number of particles in 1 mole
6.022 * 10^23 mol^-1
1/mol= mol^-1

volume [mL; L]

particles (without unit)

particle concentration

mol concentration

oder

speed of light (2.9979 * 10^8  [m/s])

all objects that occupy volume (space) and posses mass

materials, where the internal properties are in focus of interes, e.g. the involved atoms and the kind of their arrangement

Contrast to substances
characterized by a special form, shape or magnitude (external properties)

have a defined composition and under a given pressure constant melting- and boilingpoints
cannot be seperated into other kinds of matter by any physical process

several substances in variable positions
can be seperated into two or more substances by physical means

are of uniform composition down to the areas of atomic magnitude

at every point the same composition (molecules)

a non-uniform mixture of physically distinct parts, each with different properties (>phases)

one of several different homogenous materials present in the portion of matter under study

the distinguished parts/areas of existence may be gaseous, liquid or solid

(phase 1 water/phase border/ phase 2 oil)

solid state:                                         stable form, defined volume
liquid state:                                         instable form, defined volume
gaseous state:                                   instable form, undefined volume

solid > liquid: melting
solid > gaseous:  sublimation

liquid > gaseous: boiling
liquid > solid: freezing

gaseous > liquid: condensation
gaseous > solid: resublimation

- basic materials, cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction into simpler substances (but by physical methods)

- a type of matter composed by only one kind of atom, each atom of of a given kind having the same properties

- modern definition: elements are substances whose atoms all have the same atomic number

- 118 elements known, 85 natural occuring, 33 artificial

Dichte [g/ml]

equivalent concentration [mol/L]

equivalent number

Planck's constant
6.626 *10^-34 [J*s]