In our class the mind is the same thing as the brain for without the brain there would be no mind
a. True
b. False
a. True
b. False
True
Subliminal advertising is dangerous because it can cause individuals to pruchas food or drinks they otherwise would avoid.
a. True
b. False
a. True
b. False
False
Which of the following is not a part of the neuron?
a. Axon
b. Cell body
c. Dendrites
d. Frontal lobe
a. Axon
b. Cell body
c. Dendrites
d. Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science is comprised of fields that include _, _, linguistics, neuroscience, anthropology, and artificial intelligence.
a. psychology; sociology
b. sociology; philosophy
c. archeology; philosophy
d. cognitive psychology; philosophy
a. psychology; sociology
b. sociology; philosophy
c. archeology; philosophy
d. cognitive psychology; philosophy
cognitive psychology; philosophy
The issue of how we manage (or fail to manage) driving and talking on a cell phone would be of most interest to someone who studies:
a. problem solving
b. attention
c. memory
d. decision making
a. problem solving
b. attention
c. memory
d. decision making
attention
Which subdicipline of cognitive science focuses on (as its primary goal) using computers to stimulate and model human thought?
a. Neuroscience
b. Linguistics
c. Cognitive Psychology
d. Artificial Intelligence
a. Neuroscience
b. Linguistics
c. Cognitive Psychology
d. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
The automistic approach employed by the structuralist breaking consciousness down into its elemental components has been linked to the approach of which other scientific discipline?
a. physics
b. chemistry
c. biology
d. archaeology
a. physics
b. chemistry
c. biology
d. archaeology
chemistry
Mind and behavior can be conceptualized as an "S" and "R" and a black box in between. The behaviorist were interested in:
a. the S's only
b. the R's only
c. S's and R's
d. the black box only
a. the S's only
b. the R's only
c. S's and R's
d. the black box only
S's and R's
If you are a psychology majoy you've probably been exposed to basic infomation about the history of psychology in several courses. Each time you're exposed to this information, you probably pick up on it and retain it a little better. This concept is an example of _, a key concept from the work of memory psychologist _.
a. savings; Bartlett
b. savings; Ebbinghaus
c. schemata; Bartlett
d. schematta; Ebbinghaus
a. savings; Bartlett
b. savings; Ebbinghaus
c. schemata; Bartlett
d. schematta; Ebbinghaus
savings; Ebbinghaus
Which school of psycology is best captured by its credo "The whole is different than the sum of its parts"?
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Gestalt
d. Behaviorism
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Gestalt
d. Behaviorism
Gestalt
The behaviorist claimed that in order for learning to take place you need to have , and . It turns out __is (are) absolutely necessary.
a. mental representation; motivation; neither
b. mental representation; motivation; only mental representations
c. response; reinforcement; neither
d. response; reinforcement; only reinforcement
a. mental representation; motivation; neither
b. mental representation; motivation; only mental representations
c. response; reinforcement; neither
d. response; reinforcement; only reinforcement
Response; Reinforcement; neither
Cholmsky's view on ___ proved to be on eof the stiffest challenges to the behaviorist view.
a. problem solving
b. computers
c. attention
d. language
a. problem solving
b. computers
c. attention
d. language
language
The ___ is the seat of what are typically labeled "higher cognitive functions"
a. hindbrian
b. midbrian
c. caudal area
d. cerebral cortex
a. hindbrian
b. midbrian
c. caudal area
d. cerebral cortex
Cerebral Cortex
Research on split-brain patients reveals that:
a. the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spacial tasks
b. the left hemisphere typically specializes in spacial tasks, while the right hemisphere specializes in verbal tasks
c. People who have had their corpus callosum severed have a great deal of difficulty functioning in everyday tasks
d. for normal people, there is no difference between the functioning of the left and right hemispheres
a. the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spacial tasks
b. the left hemisphere typically specializes in spacial tasks, while the right hemisphere specializes in verbal tasks
c. People who have had their corpus callosum severed have a great deal of difficulty functioning in everyday tasks
d. for normal people, there is no difference between the functioning of the left and right hemispheres
the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spacial tasks
The most commonly used tool in cognitive neuroscience seems to be:
a. brain trauma and lesion
b. imagining techniques like fMRI and PET scan
c. recording techniques like EEG/ERP
d. Stimulation techniques like TMS
a. brain trauma and lesion
b. imagining techniques like fMRI and PET scan
c. recording techniques like EEG/ERP
d. Stimulation techniques like TMS
imaging techniques like fMRI and PET scan
is detection of sensory stimulation and is the interpretation of sensory stimulation
a. Perception; sensation
b. Perception; synesthesia
c. Sensation; perception
d. Synethesia; sensation
a. Perception; sensation
b. Perception; synesthesia
c. Sensation; perception
d. Synethesia; sensation
Sensation; perception
When I stole Nicki's mobile phone from under her nose, I distracted her by touching her shoulder. What process did I use to get her attention?
a. Bottom-up processing
b. Conceptually-driven processing
c. Connectionist processing
d. Top-down processing
a. Bottom-up processing
b. Conceptually-driven processing
c. Connectionist processing
d. Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing?
__ refers to the tendency for objects that are near one another to be grouped
a. Closure
b. Common fate
c. Proximity
d. Similarity
a. Closure
b. Common fate
c. Proximity
d. Similarity
Proximity
Behaviorism
Gives an emphasis to the study of observable responses and their relation to observable stimuli
Structuralism
applying a method of introspection though objective, thorough, analysis to a wide range of everyday experiences would yield elemental sensations, images, and feelings that combine o produce everyday consciousness.
Functionalism
tried to figure out the functions of the mind, - what it does in everyday life.
Gestalt Psychology
interested in the organizational principles that guide mental processing
Neuroscience
relating cognitive processes to their neural substrates/what the brain is doing when the mind is thinking
Artificial Intelligence
addresses issues of mind by modeling human thought processes with computer hardware and software.
Linguistics
Investigates the structure of language and the specifics of language use and what they tell us about the mind.
Philosophy
the first discipline to systematically examine the mind. helps to formulate and examine the fundamental question that defines the field
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation - physiological process that underlie information intake
Perception- psychological processes involved in the immediate organization and interpretation of sensation
Perception- psychological processes involved in the immediate organization and interpretation of sensation
Top-down vs. Bottom-up
Bottom-up- a flow of information that proceeds from the stimulus to the neural activity driven by this stimulus to its eventual identification
Top-down- the process whereby we bring to brear what we expect, what we know and what we experience form the surrounding context in determining what it is we are sensing and subsequently perceiving
Top-down- the process whereby we bring to brear what we expect, what we know and what we experience form the surrounding context in determining what it is we are sensing and subsequently perceiving
Synethesia
Experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an experience not only in that modality but in another as well
Embodied perception
Proffitt (2006)
Perception doesn't involve "thinking" as much as it involves "reacting". And, this reaction is influenced by a variety of nonvisual factors such as bodily state, emotional state, and a persons goals.
**A principal function of perception is to defend people from having to think
Perception doesn't involve "thinking" as much as it involves "reacting". And, this reaction is influenced by a variety of nonvisual factors such as bodily state, emotional state, and a persons goals.
**A principal function of perception is to defend people from having to think
Priming
The tendency for the processing of one stimulus to enhance the speed at which another related stimulus is processed
Attentional Blink
a period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected
Magic and attention
Manipulates attention from the top-down by asking the audience to engage in some sort of attention demanding activity
Manipulates bottom-up processing by misdirecting attention by doing things that grab your attention
Manipulates bottom-up processing by misdirecting attention by doing things that grab your attention
Number of distracting stimuli
The more distractors the more dificult the search
Conjunction search- looking for multiple features at once
Feature search- looking for only one feature at a time
Conjunction search- looking for multiple features at once
Feature search- looking for only one feature at a time
Geons
Parts-based approach/ Recognition by components
The three-dimensional features into which we parse objects into
The three-dimensional features into which we parse objects into
Recognition-by-Components (RBC)
States that object recognition is a matter of separating, analyzing and recombining the features of whatever were looking at
Template-Matching Theory
our store of general knowledge includes a set of templates, or copies, of every pattern that we might encounter
When we encounter something that needs to be identified the mind quickly refiles though its set of templates and when a match is found the patter is given a label
When we encounter something that needs to be identified the mind quickly refiles though its set of templates and when a match is found the patter is given a label
Is Face Recognition Special
yes,
Special mechanisms view support:
The existence of dissociation's found between object and face recognition
Expertise view
Special mechanisms view support:
The existence of dissociation's found between object and face recognition
Expertise view
Semantic Networks
Knowledge is stored in the form of associative networks in which concepts are represented by nearby nodes that correspond to related concepts or features of a given concept
Episodic Memory
refers to ones memory for personally experienced events that include contextual elements like the time and place of the events occurrence
Semantic Memory
Refers to knowledge or information about the world that does not include contextual elements like time or place the information was learned
Implicit Memory
Does not require conscious recollection of previously encoded information
Memory Systems View
Explicit (Declarative) memory and Implicit (Procedural) memory work on two separate systems and therefore are effected by different variables
Childhood Amnesia
Very few memories early in life and almost none before the age of three
Olfactory Cues lead to great memories
Participants used more words to describe odor cued memories rather than verbal cued memories
Flashbulb Memories
a detailed vivid and confidently held memory for the circumstances surrounding when you first heard some startling bit of news
Functions of Autobiographical Memories
Communicative Function- telling relevant personal topics
Emotional Function- helps us organize reflect on and think though important life events
Directive Function- help direct future behavior
Emotional Function- helps us organize reflect on and think though important life events
Directive Function- help direct future behavior
Eye witness memory
77% of wrongful convictions that are overturned based on DNA evidence are due to eyewitness misidentification
Misinformation Effect
Finding that misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall influences a witnesses memory
Recalling Memories with Hypnosis
More information may be reported but it may be both correct and incorrect. It also leads to more sensitivity to suggestion
Memories of Abuse
Corroboration rate for two of the groups was statistically the same
Continuous memories-45%
Suddenly recovered- 37%
Gradual with therapy- 0%
Continuous memories-45%
Suddenly recovered- 37%
Gradual with therapy- 0%
Speed Reading
Fixating the normal amount of time but they fixate only once per line they also read the right hand page in reverse
Studies often lack proper testing of comprehension and identification of a control group
Studies often lack proper testing of comprehension and identification of a control group
Eye Movements and Reading
Saccades- the discrete movements that our eyes make from one point to another when reading
Fixations- when eyes pause briefly between saccades in order to take in information (200-300ms)
Fixations- when eyes pause briefly between saccades in order to take in information (200-300ms)
Dyslexia
Involves sever reading difficulties such as word recognition results in slower not poorer word recognition
Conjunction Fallacy
Failure to account for two probabilities reducing chances (Bank teller/Feminist problem)
Myside Bias
a type of confirmatory bias that refers to a tendency to be overly swayed by a prior opinion on a topic, failing to give enough weight to evidence or arguments to the contrary
Hindsight Bias
When people seem to be sure after something has occurred that they knew things would work out just that way
System 1 Reasoning
Used to operate and think quickly without much deliberation
Heuristic
Unconscious
Automatic
Rapid
Nonverbal
Capacity-free
Shared with Animals
Evolutionary old
Heuristic
Unconscious
Automatic
Rapid
Nonverbal
Capacity-free
Shared with Animals
Evolutionary old
System 2 Reasoning
thinking is relatively slow, deliberate and controlled
Analytic
Conscious
Controlled
Slow
Linked to Language
Capacity-Limited
Animals Don't Have
Evolutionarily New
Analytic
Conscious
Controlled
Slow
Linked to Language
Capacity-Limited
Animals Don't Have
Evolutionarily New
Dual Process View
The human thinker operates in one of two modes, depending on the particular nature of the situation
Problem
A situation that involves a set of obstacles that must be overcome within constraints
Expertise
exceptional knowledge and or performance in some specific problem domain
Richer Faster and more Elaborated semantic networks
More prone to functional fixedness less likely to remember details
Richer Faster and more Elaborated semantic networks
More prone to functional fixedness less likely to remember details
Functional Fixedness
peoples tendency to view objects in a narrow fixed sense or only in terms of typical function of the object
Kartensatzinfo:
Autor: Vanessa Farrera
Oberthema: Psychology
Thema: Cognitive
Schule / Uni: Metropolitan State University of Denver
Ort: Denver
Veröffentlicht: 15.05.2013
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