what are the
1 Long posterior ciliary arteries, which enter the eyeball posteriorly, one on each side, piercing the sclera and running between it and the choroid to anastomose with the anterior ciliary arteries (branches of the lacrimal artery) to supply the ciliary plexus.
2 Short posterior ciliary arteries which enter the eyeball posteriorly and directly supply the choroid, which nourishes the outer, non-vascular layer of the retina by diffusion.
3. The central artery of the retina, gives out branches which
provide the direct blood supply to the internal aspect of the
retina.
4. The lacrimal artery, supply the lacrimal gland, lateral extraocular muscles, the eyeball (via an anterior ciliary branch) and the lateral sides of the eyelids.
5. Muscular arteries, which supply the extraocular muscles - those supplying the recti anastomose with anterior ciliary arteries.
6. The supraorbital artery, exits the orbit through the supraorbital notch with the supraorbital nerve. It supplies the forehead to the vertex of the skull.
7. The posterior ethmoidal artery, which exits the orbit medially through the posterior ethmoidal foramen to supply the ethmoidal air cells and nasal cavity.
8. The anterior ethmoidal artery, which similarly exits the orbit medially through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, enters the cranial cavity to give of the anterior meningeal branch, and
continues into the nasal cavity to supply its septum and lateral wall.
9. The dorsal nasal artery, supply the upper surface of the nose.
10. The supratrochlear artery**, supply the medial part of the forehead.
2 Short posterior ciliary arteries which enter the eyeball posteriorly and directly supply the choroid, which nourishes the outer, non-vascular layer of the retina by diffusion.
3. The central artery of the retina, gives out branches which
provide the direct blood supply to the internal aspect of the
retina.
4. The lacrimal artery, supply the lacrimal gland, lateral extraocular muscles, the eyeball (via an anterior ciliary branch) and the lateral sides of the eyelids.
5. Muscular arteries, which supply the extraocular muscles - those supplying the recti anastomose with anterior ciliary arteries.
6. The supraorbital artery, exits the orbit through the supraorbital notch with the supraorbital nerve. It supplies the forehead to the vertex of the skull.
7. The posterior ethmoidal artery, which exits the orbit medially through the posterior ethmoidal foramen to supply the ethmoidal air cells and nasal cavity.
8. The anterior ethmoidal artery, which similarly exits the orbit medially through the anterior ethmoidal foramen, enters the cranial cavity to give of the anterior meningeal branch, and
continues into the nasal cavity to supply its septum and lateral wall.
9. The dorsal nasal artery, supply the upper surface of the nose.
10. The supratrochlear artery**, supply the medial part of the forehead.
though wich two veins does the venous drainage of the orbit occur? thriough what veins are the sov formed?
though which formane does the sov go?
though which formane does the sov go?
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.
superior ophthalmic vein: -connecting veins of the supraorbital
and angular veins of the face.
- superior vorticose veins draining the choroid layer of the eyeball -- connecting branch from the inferior ophthalmic vein.#
It passes through the superior orbital fissure to drain into the
cavernous sinus.
superior ophthalmic vein: -connecting veins of the supraorbital
and angular veins of the face.
- superior vorticose veins draining the choroid layer of the eyeball -- connecting branch from the inferior ophthalmic vein.#
It passes through the superior orbital fissure to drain into the
cavernous sinus.
form which vein does the inferior opthalami vein arise?
form which veins does it receive tributaries?
to which structure does it go to though wich formane??
form which veins does it receive tributaries?
to which structure does it go to though wich formane??
angular vein
ophthalmic artery as well as the inferior vorticose veins.
It passes through the inferior orbital fissure to drain into the pterygoid venous plexus.
ophthalmic artery as well as the inferior vorticose veins.
It passes through the inferior orbital fissure to drain into the pterygoid venous plexus.
the lacrimal nerve travels OVER the lateral rectus
and receives input form which branch?
it supplies which three strucutres?
and receives input form which branch?
it supplies which three strucutres?
receives a branch from the zygomaticotemporal nerve which carries sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibres for distribution to the lacrimal gland.
the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva and the lateral part of the eyelid.
the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva and the lateral part of the eyelid.
the frontal nerve is SUPERIOR to LPS and SR. it divides into two branches. name them.
what sensation do thez receive?
what sensation do thez receive?
supratrochlear and
supraorbital nerves and supraorbital
supratrochlear: sensation from the conjunctiva, the skin of the medial part of the upper eyelid and that of the lower medial part of the forehead.
supraorbital nerve : receives sensation from the middle part of the upper eyelid and conjunctiva, the forehead and scalp as far as the vertex.
supraorbital nerves and supraorbital
supratrochlear: sensation from the conjunctiva, the skin of the medial part of the upper eyelid and that of the lower medial part of the forehead.
supraorbital nerve : receives sensation from the middle part of the upper eyelid and conjunctiva, the forehead and scalp as far as the vertex.
the nasocilliary gives off a branch to the ciliary ganglion. in the ciliary gangion it gives off long ciliary nerves (sensory to the eiyeball) but also conatins what type of fibres? to waht nerves does the nasociliary nerve give rise to 3 ?what to tehy supplz?
sympathetic fibres for pupil dilation before continuing
posterior and then an anterior ethmoidal nerve and terminates as the
infratrochlear nerve.
The posterior ethmoidal: nerve exits the orbit via the posterior ethmoidal foramen and carries sensation from the posterior ethmoidal air cells and spenoid sinus.
The anterior ethmoidal nerve: exits the orbit via the anterior ethmoidal foramen and receives sensation from the anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity and the skin over the lower half of the nose,
infratrochlear nerve: exits the orbit medially and receives sensation from the medial part of the upper and lower eyelids, the
lacrimal sac and skin of the upper half of the nose.
posterior and then an anterior ethmoidal nerve and terminates as the
infratrochlear nerve.
The posterior ethmoidal: nerve exits the orbit via the posterior ethmoidal foramen and carries sensation from the posterior ethmoidal air cells and spenoid sinus.
The anterior ethmoidal nerve: exits the orbit via the anterior ethmoidal foramen and receives sensation from the anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity and the skin over the lower half of the nose,
infratrochlear nerve: exits the orbit medially and receives sensation from the medial part of the upper and lower eyelids, the
lacrimal sac and skin of the upper half of the nose.
what is stye?
what is chalazon?
what is chalazon?
Blockage and subsequent inflammation of either the
ciliary glands or associated follicles or sweat glands
produces a stye (or hordeolum) on the free
margin of the eyelid,
blockage and inflammation of the tarsal glands produces a (tarsal or Meibomian) chalazion,
usually more painful than a stye, on the inner surface of the
eyelid.
ciliary glands or associated follicles or sweat glands
produces a stye (or hordeolum) on the free
margin of the eyelid,
blockage and inflammation of the tarsal glands produces a (tarsal or Meibomian) chalazion,
usually more painful than a stye, on the inner surface of the
eyelid.
list the way of tears.
lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid containing lysozymes -> conveyed to superior conjunctival fonrix by lacrimal ducts -> (by pressing eye together, can push the fluid out an htereby moistens the cornea and conjunctiva providing them with o2 and dissolved nutrients) .-> fluid moves to the lacrimal lake towards the meidal canthus (conncected with a cunjunctival fol, the pilca seminlunaris and the fleshy caruncle) -> goes to lacrimal papilla to the punctum -> opends tinto canaliculi -> drain fluid form lacrimal lake into the lacriumal sac which is a dialtion of the nasolacrimal duct -> infeior nasal meatus -> nasopharynx
lacrimal lake has both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.
where does the parasympathetic innervation come from?
list its way to the lacriumal gland.
where does szmpathetic innervation come from?
list its way to the lacriumal gland.
where does the parasympathetic innervation come from?
list its way to the lacriumal gland.
where does szmpathetic innervation come from?
list its way to the lacriumal gland.
lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve
the greater petrosal nerve (facial nerve) continue within the nerve of the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion, where they synapse with cell bodies of postsynaptic fibres. These fibres join the maxillary division o the trigeminal nerve and then its branches, the zygomatic nerve and zygomaticotemporalnerve, and then run in a communicating branch to the lacrimal nerve.
superior cervical ganglio n by the internal carotid plexus
vas the deep petrosal nerve and then join the parasympathetic fibres in the nerve of the pterygoid canal. They traverse the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing and continue to run with the postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres in the maxillary,
zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal and lacrimal nerves.
the greater petrosal nerve (facial nerve) continue within the nerve of the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion, where they synapse with cell bodies of postsynaptic fibres. These fibres join the maxillary division o the trigeminal nerve and then its branches, the zygomatic nerve and zygomaticotemporalnerve, and then run in a communicating branch to the lacrimal nerve.
superior cervical ganglio n by the internal carotid plexus
vas the deep petrosal nerve and then join the parasympathetic fibres in the nerve of the pterygoid canal. They traverse the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing and continue to run with the postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres in the maxillary,
zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal and lacrimal nerves.
the ciliary body is a continuation of the choroid underlying the corneoscleral junction. its is composed of three structures. list them.
The ciliary ring is the posterior part of the body, and its surface has shallow grooves called ciliary striae.
The ciliary processes is connected to the suspensory ligaments of the lens. They also secrete the aqueous humour which fills the anterior (between the cornea and the iris/pupil) and posterior
(between the iris/pupil and lens/ciliary body) chambers.
Ciliary muscle is arranged as meridianal and circular smooth muscle fibres, Ciliary muscle is innervated by parasympathetic fibres from the oculomotor nerve which synapse in the ciliary
ganglion before passing forward to the eyeball in the short ciliary nerves. Contraction, especially of the meridianal fibres, serves to pull the ciliary body forward, relieving tension on the suspensory ligaments and allowing the elastic lens to become more convex and increase its refractive power.
The ciliary processes is connected to the suspensory ligaments of the lens. They also secrete the aqueous humour which fills the anterior (between the cornea and the iris/pupil) and posterior
(between the iris/pupil and lens/ciliary body) chambers.
Ciliary muscle is arranged as meridianal and circular smooth muscle fibres, Ciliary muscle is innervated by parasympathetic fibres from the oculomotor nerve which synapse in the ciliary
ganglion before passing forward to the eyeball in the short ciliary nerves. Contraction, especially of the meridianal fibres, serves to pull the ciliary body forward, relieving tension on the suspensory ligaments and allowing the elastic lens to become more convex and increase its refractive power.
the iris has two parts. list them and their nerve supplz and their actions.
• Circularly-arranged fibres of sphincter pupillae arranged around the margin of the pupil close it in the presence of bright light and during accommodation. This occurs under
parasympathetic control from the oculomotor nerve via the ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
• Radially-arranged fibres of dilator pupillae, forming a thin sheet close to the posterior surface of the iris, open the pupil in the presence of light of low intensity or in the presence of excessive sympathetic activity (such as occurs in fright).
This occurs under sympathetic control via the long ciliary nerves.
parasympathetic control from the oculomotor nerve via the ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
• Radially-arranged fibres of dilator pupillae, forming a thin sheet close to the posterior surface of the iris, open the pupil in the presence of light of low intensity or in the presence of excessive sympathetic activity (such as occurs in fright).
This occurs under sympathetic control via the long ciliary nerves.
the iris has two layers, name them and one of them has anoother layer. list what they do.
which layer is avascular?
by what sturcture is the other one supplied by?
what is the ora serrata?
which layer is avascular?
by what sturcture is the other one supplied by?
what is the ora serrata?
optic and non visual part
optic part has two layers>
– a neural layer which is light receptive
-a pigment cell layer, which consists of a single layer of cells that reinforces the light-absorbing properties of the choroid in
reducing the scattering of light in the eyeball. T
the neural layer is avascular and receives oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the choriocapillaris of the choroid.
The pigment cell layer is supplied by the central artery of the retina, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, and drained by a corresponding system of retinal veins which unite to form the central vein of the retina.
The optic part of the retina terminates anteriorly along the ora serrata (L. serrated edge
The non-visual part of the retina is an anterior continuation of the pigment cell layer and a layer of supporting cells over the ciliary body (the ciliary part of the retina) and the posterior surface
of the iris (the iridial part of the retina),
optic part has two layers>
– a neural layer which is light receptive
-a pigment cell layer, which consists of a single layer of cells that reinforces the light-absorbing properties of the choroid in
reducing the scattering of light in the eyeball. T
the neural layer is avascular and receives oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from the choriocapillaris of the choroid.
The pigment cell layer is supplied by the central artery of the retina, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, and drained by a corresponding system of retinal veins which unite to form the central vein of the retina.
The optic part of the retina terminates anteriorly along the ora serrata (L. serrated edge
The non-visual part of the retina is an anterior continuation of the pigment cell layer and a layer of supporting cells over the ciliary body (the ciliary part of the retina) and the posterior surface
of the iris (the iridial part of the retina),
what happends in relaxaton fo the ciliarz body?
om contraction?
om contraction?
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle in the ciliary body changes the shape of the lens from a default sphere to a relatively flat
shape and allows distance vision.
Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscle causes it to
contract like a sphincter, reducing tension on the lens and allowing it to rounden. This increased convexity increases refraction for near vision, the process of accommodation.
shape and allows distance vision.
Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscle causes it to
contract like a sphincter, reducing tension on the lens and allowing it to rounden. This increased convexity increases refraction for near vision, the process of accommodation.
wht is presbyopia?
what is cataract?
what is cataract?
The lens becomes denser and more flattened with age, which gradually reduces its refractive or focussing powers, a condition known as presbyopia.,
Some people also experience a loss of transparency (cloudiness) of the lens from areas of opacity (cataracts).
Some people also experience a loss of transparency (cloudiness) of the lens from areas of opacity (cataracts).
by what structures is the roof,
medial wall
inferior wall
lateral wall
apex
medial wall
inferior wall
lateral wall
apex
orbital part of the frontal bone (separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa)
lesser wing of spenoid ( towards the apex of the orbt)
ethmoid bone, with contributions from the frontal, lacrimal, and
sphenoid bones. Anteriorly, the medial wall is indented by
the lacrimal groove and fossa. The medial walls of
the orbits are extremely thin and highly pneumatized with
ethmoidal air cells
maxilla zygomatic and palatine (walls are shared bz maxillarz sinus and is demarcated form the lateral wall bz the inferor orbital fissure)
bones. Its thin wall is shared
frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid, and is the thickest and strongest wall (and also the most exposed and vulnerable to direct trauma).
• The apex of the orbit is at the optic canal, which passes through the lesser wing of the sphenoid, just medial to the superior orbital fissure.
lesser wing of spenoid ( towards the apex of the orbt)
ethmoid bone, with contributions from the frontal, lacrimal, and
sphenoid bones. Anteriorly, the medial wall is indented by
the lacrimal groove and fossa. The medial walls of
the orbits are extremely thin and highly pneumatized with
ethmoidal air cells
maxilla zygomatic and palatine (walls are shared bz maxillarz sinus and is demarcated form the lateral wall bz the inferor orbital fissure)
bones. Its thin wall is shared
frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid, and is the thickest and strongest wall (and also the most exposed and vulnerable to direct trauma).
• The apex of the orbit is at the optic canal, which passes through the lesser wing of the sphenoid, just medial to the superior orbital fissure.
what is congential torticolis?
what is spasmodic torticolis?
what is spasmodic torticolis?
ct: if SCM are strechted to much during child brith. haemorrahe happends and fibrous tissue invades the muslce which cuases it to shorten and contract.
ST caused by a sustaiend contraction of the SCM and treapezius. the patient may feel tremor in hands. . it is very painful and one has to cut the spinal acesorry nerve.
ST caused by a sustaiend contraction of the SCM and treapezius. the patient may feel tremor in hands. . it is very painful and one has to cut the spinal acesorry nerve.
by what nerves is the cericval plexus formed
what does c2 supply ( lesser occipital nerve(
1 superior root of ansa cervicais
2 transverse verical nerve
3 inferior root of ansa cervicalis
4 supraclavicular nerve
5 prhenic nerve
6 great auricular nerve
7 lesser occipital nerve
c1 to 4
it supplies the skin overlying trapezius
and the skin of the posterior neck
2 transverse verical nerve
3 inferior root of ansa cervicalis
4 supraclavicular nerve
5 prhenic nerve
6 great auricular nerve
7 lesser occipital nerve
c1 to 4
it supplies the skin overlying trapezius
and the skin of the posterior neck
the branches of the cercial plexus can be classified as cutaneus, muscular and phrenic nerve. hte cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus arises form c2 to 4 wich emerge form the posterior border of SCM. tname them and there origin. there are 4
there are muscular brancehs, there are three, name their origin.
there are muscular brancehs, there are three, name their origin.
• lesser occipital (C2)
• greater auricular (C2-3)
• transverse cervical (C2-3)
• supraclavicular branches (C3-4)
sternocleidomastoid (C2-3), levator scapulae (C3-4) and trapezius (C3-4).
by what nerves its the ansa cervicalis formed?
which fibres form ansa cervicalis supply which muscles?, two differnt types of fibres suply the diferent types of muscles.
which fibres form ansa cervicalis supply which muscles?, two differnt types of fibres suply the diferent types of muscles.
union of descending cervical nerves with some of c1 and hypoglossal
c1 to 3 supply the sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid
c1 travellng with hypoglossal supplies the thyrohoid and geniohyoid.
c1 to 3 supply the sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid
c1 travellng with hypoglossal supplies the thyrohoid and geniohyoid.
what are the actions and innervation of
sternohyoid:
omohyoid
thyrohoid
sternothyroid
thre where all the infrahyoid muscles, not he suprahyoid muslce.
digastric
stylohoid
mylohoid
sternohyoid:
omohyoid
thyrohoid
sternothyroid
thre where all the infrahyoid muscles, not he suprahyoid muslce.
digastric
stylohoid
mylohoid
Sternohyoid : Depresses hyoid Ansa cervicalis
(C1-3)
Omohyoid: Depresses hyoid Ansa cervicalis
(C1-3)
Thyrohyoid: Depresses hyoid; evates thyroid cartilage
C1
(via Hypoglossal n.)
Sternothyroid: Depresses larynx Ansa cervicalis
(C1-3)
Digastric: depresses mandible; elevates hyoid
Post. belly – VII
Ant. belly – V3
Stylohyoid: Elevates hyoid VII
Mylohyoid: elecates floow of mouth & hyoid during
1st stage of swallowing;
when hyoid is fixed, assists in
depression of mandible & opening of
mouth
V3
what is nte nerve supply of the submandibular and sublingualr gland?
uperior salivary nucleus of CN VII, which are distributed to the gland via the chorda tympani and lingual nerves. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to the gland directly
along the duct (synpased at submandiblar gangion) . Postganglionic sympathetic fibres travel to the gland (like other sympathetic
nerves) as a plexus of nerves around the accompanying arteries
along the duct (synpased at submandiblar gangion) . Postganglionic sympathetic fibres travel to the gland (like other sympathetic
nerves) as a plexus of nerves around the accompanying arteries
form where to where does the larynx extend?
what are its actions?
what are its actions?
base of the tongue to C6 where it
becomes continuous with the trachea
- It acts as a sphincter guarding the lower respiratory tract
- responsible for phonation (sound)
-opens into the laryngopharyx at the
laryngopharyngeal inlet.
becomes continuous with the trachea
- It acts as a sphincter guarding the lower respiratory tract
- responsible for phonation (sound)
-opens into the laryngopharyx at the
laryngopharyngeal inlet.
where can e find the isthmus?
where is a tracheostomy made=
what two structes do we find in front of the isthmus?
where is a tracheostomy made=
what two structes do we find in front of the isthmus?
Isthmus
• Lies anterior to 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings
• A tracheostomy hole is made just below the cricoid to avoid the highly vascular isthmus
• Anterior jugular veins and the sternothyroid muscle lie anterior to isthmus
• Lies anterior to 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings
• A tracheostomy hole is made just below the cricoid to avoid the highly vascular isthmus
• Anterior jugular veins and the sternothyroid muscle lie anterior to isthmus
the thyroid gland is enclosed by a fibrous capsule. how is this capsule referred to?
what does it do?
whaqt structes run between the anteiror and posterior layers?
what does it do?
whaqt structes run between the anteiror and posterior layers?
pretracheal fascia or the surgical capsule
• The capsule surrounds and holds the thyroid gland in place, ensuring that it moves with
the larynx while swallowing and speaking
• Branches of the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve are found
between the anterior and posterior layers of pretracheal or surgical capsule
list the arterial and venous supply of the tyroid gland
-superior thyroid arteries (branches of the external carotid) and
- inferior thyroid arteries (branches of the thyrocervical trunks from the subclavian arteries).
1. Superior thyroid vein – drains upper part of lobe into the internal jugular vein
2. Middle thyroid vein – drains lower part of lobe into the internal jugular vein
3. Inferior thyroid vein – drains isthmus and lower part of lobes into the brachiocephalic
vein
- inferior thyroid arteries (branches of the thyrocervical trunks from the subclavian arteries).
1. Superior thyroid vein – drains upper part of lobe into the internal jugular vein
2. Middle thyroid vein – drains lower part of lobe into the internal jugular vein
3. Inferior thyroid vein – drains isthmus and lower part of lobes into the brachiocephalic
vein
the tyroid gland comprises what kind of cells, there are two tpes.
what do these cells produce?
the thyroid required the presence of what hormone to produce all of that stuff?
what to the thyroid hormones contol? 5
what hormones contol the calcium level in the body?
what do these cells produce?
the thyroid required the presence of what hormone to produce all of that stuff?
what to the thyroid hormones contol? 5
what hormones contol the calcium level in the body?
follicular cells and parafollicular cells.
Most of the thyroid tissue consists of the follicular cells, which secrete iodine-containing hormones called tyroxine t4 and triiodothyronine t3.
The parafollicular cells secrete the hormone calcitonin.
iodine
control the rate of metabolism
normal growth,
antiproteolytic function of insulin
brain development
development of the sex organs.
Calcitonin works together with parathyroid hormone to
regulate calcium levels in the body.
Most of the thyroid tissue consists of the follicular cells, which secrete iodine-containing hormones called tyroxine t4 and triiodothyronine t3.
The parafollicular cells secrete the hormone calcitonin.
iodine
control the rate of metabolism
normal growth,
antiproteolytic function of insulin
brain development
development of the sex organs.
Calcitonin works together with parathyroid hormone to
regulate calcium levels in the body.
the terminal portion of the common carotid artery is dialated and is known as what structure? in what is it involved? where are its afferent impulses transmitted to by what structure?
carotid sinus,
which contains baroreceptors. Baroreceptors facilitate blood pressure homeostasis by detecting changes in stretch and transmural pressure in the heart, carotid sinus, aortic arch, and
other large vessels.
glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the tractus solitarius and the paramedian nuclei in the brain stem.
which contains baroreceptors. Baroreceptors facilitate blood pressure homeostasis by detecting changes in stretch and transmural pressure in the heart, carotid sinus, aortic arch, and
other large vessels.
glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the tractus solitarius and the paramedian nuclei in the brain stem.
submandibular gland is a common side for wat type of formation and how does it present iself?
The submandibular gland is a common site of calculus formation, but this condition is rare in
other salivary glands. The presence of a tense swelling below the body of the mandible,
greatest before or during a meal, and absent / reduced between meals, is diagnostic of this
condition. Palpation of the gland will reveal a blocked orifice of the duct and frequently the
stone can actually be palpated within the duct.
other salivary glands. The presence of a tense swelling below the body of the mandible,
greatest before or during a meal, and absent / reduced between meals, is diagnostic of this
condition. Palpation of the gland will reveal a blocked orifice of the duct and frequently the
stone can actually be palpated within the duct.
Question
name the letters and tgeur function and attachment
A plantar calceneocavicualar spring ligament
suppors head of talus
maintains medial longituional arch of the foot
between sustentaculum tali and navicular
B short plantar ligament (calceneocuboidal ligament)
maintains longituional arch of foot
anteroinferior aspect of calceneus to inferor surface of cuboid
c lontg plantar ligament
maintain longituional arch of foot
calcaneus to cuboidal bone
D fibularis longus tendon
suppors head of talus
maintains medial longituional arch of the foot
between sustentaculum tali and navicular
B short plantar ligament (calceneocuboidal ligament)
maintains longituional arch of foot
anteroinferior aspect of calceneus to inferor surface of cuboid
c lontg plantar ligament
maintain longituional arch of foot
calcaneus to cuboidal bone
D fibularis longus tendon
name the 3 musles in he 1st planar layer, the 2 in the 2nd, the 3 in the 3rd and the 2 in the 4th of the intrinsic plantar muscles. the one in the dorsal aspct is the extensor digitorum brevis.
1st: abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
2nd: quadraurs plantae
4 lumbrical muscles
3rd: flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi
4th: dorsal interossei (4)
3 plantar interossei
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
2nd: quadraurs plantae
4 lumbrical muscles
3rd: flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi
4th: dorsal interossei (4)
3 plantar interossei
Question
whch one of these belong to the three muscle of the first layer?a flexor digiti minimi (3rd layer)
b lateral plantar artery and nerve
c flecor digitorum brevis
d abductor digit minimi
e abducor hallucis
f medial plantar nerve and artery
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis
b lateral plantar artery and nerve
c flecor digitorum brevis
d abductor digit minimi
e abducor hallucis
f medial plantar nerve and artery
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis
name the nerve supply of the two intrinsic muscles of the 2nd plantar layer and their function
lumbcicals: 1st one: medial plantar nerve of tibilar nerve
2,3,4, lateral plantar nerve of tibilar nerve
Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints
Quadratur plantae: Assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II to V
latereal plantar nerve
2,3,4, lateral plantar nerve of tibilar nerve
Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints
Quadratur plantae: Assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II to V
latereal plantar nerve
Question
Question
and what goes though D?a tibial nerve (branches at midpoint of medial malleolus and heel)
b felxor hallucis longus
c felxor retinaculum
d tarsal tunnel ( posterior tibiarl arter, nerve goes though there, and tendons)
e felxor digitorus longus
f tibialis anterios
g medial palnar nerve
h lateral plantar nerve
b felxor hallucis longus
c felxor retinaculum
d tarsal tunnel ( posterior tibiarl arter, nerve goes though there, and tendons)
e felxor digitorus longus
f tibialis anterios
g medial palnar nerve
h lateral plantar nerve
name what supplies what? a gives rise to what nerves? a medial plantar nerve (sensory , suppies anterior 2/3 of sole and 3 and a half toes, also innervates 4 intrinsic muscles (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, flexor hallucis brevis)
- gives rise to proper plantar digital nerve to medial side of the great toe
gives rise to three common plantar digital nerves which form the proper plantar digital branches of toes 1 to 4
- first comon digital nerve provides a branch to the first lumbical msucle
b sapheous nerve
c medial calcaneal nerve (form posterior tibilal nerve ) supplies heal
d sural nerve
e lateral plantar nerve
- innervates all intrinsic muscles exept for 4 supplied by the medial one
- provides cutaneous innervation fo lateral side of the anteror 2/3 of the sole and lateral 1 and a half toe on lateral dside
- gives rise to proper plantar digital nerve to medial side of the great toe
gives rise to three common plantar digital nerves which form the proper plantar digital branches of toes 1 to 4
- first comon digital nerve provides a branch to the first lumbical msucle
b sapheous nerve
c medial calcaneal nerve (form posterior tibilal nerve ) supplies heal
d sural nerve
e lateral plantar nerve
- innervates all intrinsic muscles exept for 4 supplied by the medial one
- provides cutaneous innervation fo lateral side of the anteror 2/3 of the sole and lateral 1 and a half toe on lateral dside
Questiona deep fibular nerve
b superfiial fibular nerve
c branch of deep fibular nerve to extesor digitorum brevis
d extensor digitorum brevis
e medail calcaneal nerve
f tibial nerve
g medail plantar nerve
h deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
i brach of first lumbrial muscle
j common plantar digital nerve
k proper planar digital nerve
l superfical nrach of lteral plantar nerve
m plantar nerve (banches into a superfical branch and deep branch)
b superfiial fibular nerve
c branch of deep fibular nerve to extesor digitorum brevis
d extensor digitorum brevis
e medail calcaneal nerve
f tibial nerve
g medail plantar nerve
h deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
i brach of first lumbrial muscle
j common plantar digital nerve
k proper planar digital nerve
l superfical nrach of lteral plantar nerve
m plantar nerve (banches into a superfical branch and deep branch)
the superfical branch of the lateral planar nerve gives rise to 2 nerves. name them and their innervation
proper plantar digital nerve (skin on the lateral side of the little toe, flexor digiti minimi and dorsal and plantar interossei msucles between 4 and 5 metatarsal)
common plantar digital nerve divides into proper plantar digital nerves to the skin between toe 4 and 5
common plantar digital nerve divides into proper plantar digital nerves to the skin between toe 4 and 5
what does the superficial fibular nerve supply in the foot?
mainly snesory to most of the skin of the dorsal aspect of the foot
and exept for toe 1 and 2 ( innervated by deep fibular nerve, and skin of lateral side of the foot and litle toe ( sural nerve)
divides into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous neves
gives rise to cutanous branches along the way
terminates in common plus proper dorsal digital nerves taht supply skin of the proximal aspect of the medail half on the great toe and the lteral 3 and a half digits
and exept for toe 1 and 2 ( innervated by deep fibular nerve, and skin of lateral side of the foot and litle toe ( sural nerve)
divides into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous neves
gives rise to cutanous branches along the way
terminates in common plus proper dorsal digital nerves taht supply skin of the proximal aspect of the medail half on the great toe and the lteral 3 and a half digits
QuestionA dorsalis pedis ( continuation of anterior tibial artery)
b lateral plantar artery
c medial platnar arterz (from psoerior platnar artery)
d odrsal metartarsal and digital arteries
e same as d
f larteral tarsal artery
g deep platnar artery (terminal branch of the dorsarlis pedis) forming the deep plantar arch with the lateral plantar artery
b lateral plantar artery
c medial platnar arterz (from psoerior platnar artery)
d odrsal metartarsal and digital arteries
e same as d
f larteral tarsal artery
g deep platnar artery (terminal branch of the dorsarlis pedis) forming the deep plantar arch with the lateral plantar artery
name the branches of the deep arch (3)
- a plantar digital branch to the lateral side of the little toe
• four plantar metatarsal arteries, which supply further plantar digital branches to the
adjacent sides of toes 1 to 5, as well as a branch which anastomoses with the medial
plantar artery to supply the medial side of the great toe
• three perforating arteries which pass between the bases of metatarsals 2 to 5 to
anastomose with arteries on the dorsal aspect of the foot
what are the branches of the dorsalis pedis?
- medial and lateral tarsal arteries
The lateral tarsal artery may join with the arcuate artery to form an anastomotic loop.
• arcuate artery, gives rise to three dorsal metatarsal arteries which supply dorsal digital arteries to adjacent sides of toes 2 to 5, as well as perforating branches connecting to the deep plantar arch, and a dorsal digital artery that supplies the lateral
side of the little toe
• the first dorsal metatarsal artery – the last branch of dorsalis pedis before it becomes the deep plantar artery and passes into the sole of the foot – supplies digital branches to
the medial side of the great toe and adjacent sides of the great and 2nd toes
Questiona great sapehnous vein
b medial malleolus
c medial marginal vein
d dorsal venous arch (receives dorsal digital veins which drain into dorsal maatarsal veins which also reveie blood form the platnar digital veins)
e lateral malleolus and latal marginal vein
f small saphenous vein
b medial malleolus
c medial marginal vein
d dorsal venous arch (receives dorsal digital veins which drain into dorsal maatarsal veins which also reveie blood form the platnar digital veins)
e lateral malleolus and latal marginal vein
f small saphenous vein
Flashcard set info:
Author: Schnuschnax
Main topic: Medicine
Topic: Anatomy Foot
Published: 20.02.2010
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