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Cognitive Final VMF 13 (78 Cards)

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In our class the mind is the same thing as the brain for without the brain there would be no mind

a. True

b. False

True

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Neurons communicate electrically and chemically

a. True
b. False

true

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Subliminal advertising is dangerous because it can cause individuals to pruchas food or drinks they otherwise would avoid.

a. True
b. False

False

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Which of the following is not a part of the neuron?

a. Axon
b. Cell body
c. Dendrites
d. Frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

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The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science is comprised of fields that include _, _, linguistics, neuroscience, anthropology, and artificial intelligence.

a. psychology; sociology
b. sociology; philosophy
c. archeology; philosophy
d. cognitive psychology; philosophy

cognitive psychology; philosophy

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The issue of how we manage (or fail to manage) driving and talking on a cell phone would be of most interest to someone who studies:

a. problem solving
b. attention
c. memory
d. decision making

attention

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Which subdicipline of cognitive science focuses on (as its primary goal) using computers to stimulate and model human thought?

a. Neuroscience
b. Linguistics
c. Cognitive Psychology
d. Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

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The automistic approach employed by the structuralist breaking consciousness down into its elemental components has been linked to the approach of which other scientific discipline?

a. physics
b. chemistry
c. biology
d. archaeology

chemistry

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Mind and behavior can be conceptualized as an "S" and "R" and a black box in between. The behaviorist were interested in:

a. the S's only
b. the R's only
c. S's and R's
d. the black box only

S's and R's

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If you are a psychology majoy you've probably been exposed to basic infomation about the history of psychology in several courses. Each time you're exposed to this information, you probably pick up on it and retain it a little better. This concept is an example of _, a key concept from the work of memory psychologist _.

a. savings; Bartlett
b. savings; Ebbinghaus
c. schemata; Bartlett
d. schematta; Ebbinghaus

savings; Ebbinghaus

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Which school of psycology is best captured by its credo "The whole is different than the sum of its parts"?

a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Gestalt
d. Behaviorism

Gestalt

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The behaviorist claimed that in order for learning to take place you need to have , and . It turns out __is (are) absolutely necessary.

a. mental representation; motivation; neither
b. mental representation; motivation; only mental representations
c. response; reinforcement; neither
d. response; reinforcement; only reinforcement

Response; Reinforcement; neither

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Cholmsky's view on ___ proved to be on eof the stiffest challenges to the behaviorist view.

a. problem solving
b. computers
c. attention
d. language

language

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The ___ is the seat of what are typically labeled "higher cognitive functions"

a. hindbrian
b. midbrian
c. caudal area
d. cerebral cortex

Cerebral Cortex

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Research on split-brain patients reveals that:

a. the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spacial tasks
b. the left hemisphere typically specializes in spacial tasks, while the right hemisphere specializes in verbal tasks
c. People who have had their corpus callosum severed have a great deal of difficulty functioning in everyday tasks
d. for normal people, there is no difference between the functioning of the left and right hemispheres

the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the right hemisphere specializes in spacial tasks

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The most commonly used tool in cognitive neuroscience seems to be:

a. brain trauma and lesion
b. imagining techniques like fMRI and PET scan
c. recording techniques like EEG/ERP
d. Stimulation techniques like TMS

imaging techniques like fMRI and PET scan

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How much of our brain do we use?

100%

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is detection of sensory stimulation and is the interpretation of sensory stimulation

a. Perception; sensation
b. Perception; synesthesia
c. Sensation; perception
d. Synethesia; sensation

Sensation; perception

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When I stole Nicki's mobile phone from under her nose, I distracted her by touching her shoulder. What process did I use to get her attention?

a. Bottom-up processing
b. Conceptually-driven processing
c. Connectionist processing
d. Top-down processing

Bottom-up processing?

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__ refers to the tendency for objects that are near one another to be grouped

a. Closure
b. Common fate
c. Proximity
d. Similarity

Proximity

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Behaviorism

Gives an emphasis to the study of observable responses and their relation to observable stimuli

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Structuralism

applying a method of introspection though objective, thorough, analysis to a wide range of everyday experiences would yield elemental sensations, images, and feelings that combine o produce everyday consciousness.

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Functionalism

tried to figure out the functions of the mind, - what it does in everyday life.

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Gestalt Psychology

interested in the organizational principles that guide mental processing

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Cognitive Psychology

The scientific study of mental processes

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Neuroscience

relating cognitive processes to their neural substrates/what the brain is doing when the mind is thinking

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Artificial Intelligence

addresses issues of mind by modeling human thought processes with computer hardware and software.

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Linguistics

Investigates the structure of language and the specifics of language use and what they tell us about the mind.

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Anthropology

Explores the mind thought the lens of culture

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Philosophy

the first discipline to systematically examine the mind. helps to formulate and examine the fundamental question that defines the field

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Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation - physiological process that underlie information intake

Perception- psychological processes involved in the immediate organization and interpretation of sensation

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Top-down vs. Bottom-up

Bottom-up- a flow of information that proceeds from the stimulus to the neural activity driven by this stimulus to its eventual identification

Top-down- the process whereby we bring to brear what we expect, what we know and what we experience form the surrounding context in determining what it is we are sensing and subsequently perceiving

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Synethesia

Experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an experience not only in that modality but in another as well

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Embodied perception

Proffitt (2006)

Perception doesn't involve "thinking" as much as it involves "reacting". And, this reaction is influenced by a variety of nonvisual factors such as bodily state, emotional state, and a persons goals.

**A principal function of perception is to defend people from having to think

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Subliminal Perception

The influence of stimuli of which we are unaware.

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Priming

The tendency for the processing of one stimulus to enhance the speed at which another related stimulus is processed

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Basic characteristics of attention

Limited capacity
Flexibility
Voluntary control

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Attentional Blink

a period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected

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Magic and attention

Manipulates attention from the top-down by asking the audience to engage in some sort of attention demanding activity

Manipulates bottom-up processing by misdirecting attention by doing things that grab your attention

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Limits in Visual Attention

Low target prevalence
Attentional blink
Change blindness

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Number of distracting stimuli

The more distractors the more dificult the search

Conjunction search- looking for multiple features at once

Feature search- looking for only one feature at a time

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Doodling

can help cognitive focus

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Geons

Parts-based approach/ Recognition by components

The three-dimensional features into which we parse objects into

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Recognition-by-Components (RBC)

States that object recognition is a matter of separating, analyzing and recombining the features of whatever were looking at

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Template-Matching Theory

our store of general knowledge includes a set of templates, or copies, of every pattern that we might encounter

When we encounter something that needs to be identified the mind quickly refiles though its set of templates and when a match is found the patter is given a label

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Is Face Recognition Special

yes,

Special mechanisms view support:
The existence of dissociation's found between object and face recognition

Expertise view

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Semantic Networks

Knowledge is stored in the form of associative networks in which concepts are represented by nearby nodes that correspond to related concepts or features of a given concept

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Episodic Memory

refers to ones memory for personally experienced events that include contextual elements like the time and place of the events occurrence

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Semantic Memory

Refers to knowledge or information about the world that does not include contextual elements like time or place the information was learned

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Implicit Memory

Does not require conscious recollection of previously encoded information

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Best encoding strategies

Test frequently and space out studying

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Memory Systems View

Explicit (Declarative) memory and Implicit (Procedural) memory work on two separate systems and therefore are effected by different variables

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Childhood Amnesia

Very few memories early in life and almost none before the age of three

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Reminiscence Bump

disproportionally great numbers of memories between ten and thirty

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Olfactory Cues lead to great memories

Participants used more words to describe odor cued memories rather than verbal cued memories

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Flashbulb Memories

a detailed vivid and confidently held memory for the circumstances surrounding when you first heard some startling bit of news

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Functions of Autobiographical Memories

Communicative Function- telling relevant personal topics

Emotional Function- helps us organize reflect on and think though important life events

Directive Function- help direct future behavior

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Eye witness memory

77% of wrongful convictions that are overturned based on DNA evidence are due to eyewitness misidentification

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Memory for Faces

Decreases in times of high stress

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Misinformation Effect

Finding that misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall influences a witnesses memory

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Recalling Memories with Hypnosis

More information may be reported but it may be both correct and incorrect. It also leads to more sensitivity to suggestion

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Memories of Abuse

Corroboration rate for two of the groups was statistically the same

Continuous memories-45%

Suddenly recovered- 37%

Gradual with therapy- 0%

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Morphemes

the smallest unit of sound that carries meaning

Word or prefix/ suffix

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Speed Reading

Fixating the normal amount of time but they fixate only once per line they also read the right hand page in reverse

Studies often lack proper testing of comprehension and identification of a control group

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Eye Movements and Reading

Saccades- the discrete movements that our eyes make from one point to another when reading

Fixations- when eyes pause briefly between saccades in order to take in information (200-300ms)

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Dyslexia

Involves sever reading difficulties such as word recognition results in slower not poorer word recognition

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Conjunction Fallacy

Failure to account for two probabilities reducing chances (Bank teller/Feminist problem)

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Myside Bias

a type of confirmatory bias that refers to a tendency to be overly swayed by a prior opinion on a topic, failing to give enough weight to evidence or arguments to the contrary

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Hindsight Bias

When people seem to be sure after something has occurred that they knew things would work out just that way

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Framing

the effects on decisions based on how a scenario is presented

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System 1 Reasoning

Used to operate and think quickly without much deliberation

Heuristic

Unconscious
Automatic
Rapid
Nonverbal
Capacity-free
Shared with Animals
Evolutionary old

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System 2 Reasoning

thinking is relatively slow, deliberate and controlled

Analytic

Conscious
Controlled
Slow
Linked to Language
Capacity-Limited
Animals Don't Have
Evolutionarily New

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Dual Process View

The human thinker operates in one of two modes, depending on the particular nature of the situation

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Components of a Problem

Initial State

Goal State

Rules/Constraints

Obstacles

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Problem

A situation that involves a set of obstacles that must be overcome within constraints

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Expertise

exceptional knowledge and or performance in some specific problem domain

Richer Faster and more Elaborated semantic networks

More prone to functional fixedness less likely to remember details

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Incubation

Productive inactivity

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Functional Fixedness

peoples tendency to view objects in a narrow fixed sense or only in terms of typical function of the object